LEADER 04750nam 22007095 450 001 9910480330403321 005 20210826022605.0 010 $a1-64469-315-1 024 7 $a10.1515/9781644693155 035 $a(CKB)4100000010754997 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6142623 035 $a(DE-B1597)545606 035 $a(DE-B1597)9781644693155 035 $a(OCoLC)1147293748 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000010754997 100 $a20200406h20202020 fg 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aOn the Genesis of Thought and Language /$fAlexey Koshelev 210 1$aBoston, MA :$cAcademic Studies Press,$d[2020] 210 4$d©2020 215 $a1 online resource (236 pages) 311 0 $a1-64469-314-3 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tIn lieu of a foreword --$tChapter 1. The evolutionary-synthetic approach and its concepts --$tChapter 2. The genesis of human concepts and propositions. The initial stage of language. Aristotle and Chomsky on thought and language --$tChapter 3. The effect of culture on language: The case of the Amazonian tribe Pirahã --$tReferences --$tName index --$tSubject index --$tLexical index 330 $aIn On the Genesis of Thought and Language, linguist Alexey Koshelev explores fundamental questions of how human concepts arise in a child, why concepts appear in a child before words, the genesis of language, and why there are so many languages. Chapter One introduces the fundamental dichotomy "visual (exogenous) vs. functional (endogenous)" cognitive units; these units are used to give non-verbal definitions of mental representations of various objects, actions, and situations. In particular, definitions of such concepts as GLASS, CHAIR, BANANA, TREE, LAKE, RUN, and some others are given. Chapter Two discusses how children form concepts, hierarchical relationships, and propositions (conceptual 'utterances'). It is shown that the initial units of the child's representation of the world are pre-conceptual cognitive units-mental representations of whole situations. In the course of two consecutive cycles in the child's cognitive development, these units transform into (a) primary notions-object and motor concepts, and (b) binary role relationships. Together, they constitute the elementary language of thought which, in the process of thinking, is used to build conceptual structures-propositions. It is further demonstrated that, immediately after the formation of thought, the child begins to develop his native language in which concrete and motor concepts become initial meanings of nouns and verbs, while propositions become the meanings of the child's expressions. The chapter concludes with a contrastive analysis of the proposed approach and Aristotle's and Chomsky's views on thought and language. Chapter Three analyzes how a community's culture affects its language. It is demonstrated that the progress of a community, the main constituent of the civilizational component of its culture, enhances the development of the content component of language by extending the range of its lexical and grammatical meanings. In the context of this analysis, Daniel Everett's (2008) hypothesis that culture affects language structure is discussed. In the subsequent sections, models of the development of human and social activity are offered. These models comprise three components: Activity (main component), Thought, and Language (auxiliary components that ensure the successful realization of activities). The models are illustrated with examples of some concrete societies. 606 $aLanguage and languages 608 $aElectronic books. 610 $aAristotle. 610 $aChomsky. 610 $aFrege. 610 $achild development. 610 $acognitive science. 610 $acommunication. 610 $aculture. 610 $aelementary concept. 610 $afunctions of language. 610 $ahuman categories. 610 $alanguage. 610 $alexical meanings. 610 $alinguistics. 610 $amathematical linguistics. 610 $apolysemy. 610 $apragmatics. 610 $asemantics. 610 $asociety. 610 $astructure. 610 $atheory of development. 610 $athinking. 610 $athought. 610 $autterances. 615 0$aLanguage and languages. 676 $a400 700 $aKoshelev$b Alexey$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$01028536 801 0$bDE-B1597 801 1$bDE-B1597 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910480330403321 996 $aOn the Genesis of Thought and Language$92444574 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05878nam 2200781 450 001 9910131621203321 005 20220504185248.0 010 $a1-118-68351-X 010 $a1-118-68295-5 035 $a(CKB)3710000000461434 035 $a(EBL)2055784 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001530915 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12622303 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001530915 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11532663 035 $a(PQKB)10523815 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)16038151 035 $a(PQKB)24890373 035 $a(DLC) 2015017584 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC2055784 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL2055784 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11090366 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL822799 035 $a(OCoLC)918624512 035 $a(PPN)229822916 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000461434 100 $a20150420d2015 uy| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aLignin and lignans as renewable raw materials $echemistry, technology and applications /$fFrancisco G. Calvo-Flores, Jose? A. Dobado, Joaqui?n I. Garcia and Francisco J. Marti?n-Marti?nez 210 1$aChichester, West Sussex :$cJohn Wiley and Sons, Incorporated,$d2015. 215 $a1 online resource (521 p.) 225 1 $aWiley series in renewable resources 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-118-68278-5 311 $a1-118-59786-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover; Title Page; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Series Preface; Preface; List of Acronyms; List of Symbols; Part I Introduction; Chapter 1 Background and Overview; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Lignin: Economical Aspects and Sustainability; 1.3 Structure of the Book; References; Part II What is Lignin?; Chapter 2 Structure and Physicochemical Properties; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Monolignols, The Basis of a Complex Architecture; 2.3 Chemical Classification of Lignins; 2.4 Lignin Linkages; 2.5 Structural Models of Native Lignin; 2.5.1 Softwood Models; 2.5.2 Hardwood Models 327 $a2.5.3 Herbaceous Plant Models 2.6 Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex; 2.7 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignins; 2.7.1 Molecular Weight; 2.7.2 Dispersity Index (?); 2.7.3 Thermal Properties; 2.7.4 Solubility Properties; References; Chapter 3 Detection and Determination; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Detection of Lignin (Color-Forming Reactions); 3.2.1 Reagents for Detecting Lignins; 3.3 Determination of Lignin; 3.4 Direct Methods for the Determination of Lignin; 3.4.1 Methods for Lignin as a Residue; 3.4.2 Lignin in Solution Methods; 3.5 Indirect Methods for the Determination of Lignin 327 $a3.5.1 Chemical Methods 3.5.2 Spectrophotometric Methods; 3.5.3 Methods Based on Oxidant Consumption; 3.6 Comparison of the Different Determination Methods; References; Chapter 4 Biosynthesis of Lignin; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Biological Function of Lignins; 4.3 The Shikimic Acid Pathway; 4.4 The Common Phenylpropanoid Pathway; 4.5 The Biosynthesis of Lignin Precursors (the Monolignol-Specific Pathway); 4.5.1 The Biosynthesis of Other Monolignols; 4.5.2 The Transport of Monolignols; 4.6 The Dehydrogenation of the Precursors; 4.7 Peroxidases and Laccases; 4.8 The Radical Polymerization 327 $a4.8.1 Dimerization 4.8.2 Quinone Methides; 4.8.3 Lignification; 4.8.4 Interunit Linkage Types; 4.8.5 Dehydrogenation Polymer (DHP); 4.9 The Lignin-Carbohydrate Connectivity; 4.10 Location of Lignins (Cell Wall Lignification); 4.11 Differences Between Angiosperm and Gymnosperm Lignins; References; Part III Sources and Characterization of Lignin; Chapter 5 Isolation of Lignins; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Methods for Lignin Isolation from Wood and Grass for Laboratory Purposes; 5.2.1 Lignin as Residue; 5.2.2 Lignin by Dissolution; 5.3 Commercial Lignins; 5.3.1 Kraft Lignin 327 $a5.3.2 Sulfite Lignin (Lignosulfonate Process)5.3.3 Soda Lignin (Alkali Lignin); 5.3.4 Organosolv Pulping; 5.3.5 Other Methods of Separation of Lignin from Biomass; References; Chapter 6 Functional and Spectroscopic Characterization of Lignins; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Elemental Analysis and Empirical Formula; 6.3 Determination of Molecular Weight; 6.3.1 Gel-Permeation Chromatography (GPC); 6.3.2 Light Scattering; 6.3.3 Vapor-Pressure Osmometry (VPO); 6.3.4 Ultrafiltration (UF); 6.4 Functional Group Analyses; 6.4.1 Methoxyl Group (MeO); 6.4.2 Phenolic Hydroxyl Group (OH ph) 327 $a6.4.3 Total and Aliphatic Hydroxyl Groups (R-OH) 330 $aAs naturally occurring and abundant sources of non-fossil carbon, lignin and lignans offer exciting possibilities as a source of commercially valuable products, moving away from petrochemical-based feedstocks in favour of renewable raw materials. Lignin can be used directly in fields such as agriculture, livestock, soil rehabilitation, bioremediation and the polymer industry, or it can be chemically modified for the fabrication of specialty and high-value chemicals such as resins, adhesives, fuels and greases. Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials presents a multidisciplinary overvi 410 0$aWiley series in renewable resources. 606 $aLignin 606 $aLignans 606 $aBotanical chemistry 606 $aPlant polymers 615 0$aLignin. 615 0$aLignans. 615 0$aBotanical chemistry. 615 0$aPlant polymers. 676 $a572/.56682 700 $aCalvo-Flores$b Francisco G.$0886289 702 $aDobado Jime?nez$b Jose? A. 702 $aGarcia$b Joaqui?n I. 702 $aMarti?n-Marti?nez$b Francisco J. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910131621203321 996 $aLignin and lignans as renewable raw materials$91979123 997 $aUNINA