LEADER 02990nam 2200493 450 001 9910466778303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a3-11-053941-1 010 $a3-11-054105-X 024 7 $a10.1515/9783110541052 035 $a(CKB)4100000004244546 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5158897 035 $a(DE-B1597)480203 035 $a(OCoLC)1037981360 035 $a(DE-B1597)9783110541052 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL5158897 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11566992 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000004244546 100 $a20180614d2018 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aArticle emergence in Old English $ea constructionalist perspective /$fLotte Sommerer 210 1$aBerlin ;$aBoston :$cDe Gruyter,$d[2018] 210 4$dİ2018 215 $a1 online resource (376 pages) 225 0 $aTopics in English Linguistics [TiEL] ;$v99 311 $a3-11-053937-3 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tAcknowledgements -- $tContents -- $tTables -- $tFigures -- $tList of Abbreviations -- $t1. Introduction -- $t2. Nominal determination and the articles in Present Day English -- $t3. Article emergence in Old English -- $t4. Diachronic Construction Grammar -- $t5. Nominal determination in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle -- $t6. Nominal determination in Old English prose -- $t7. Article emergence: a constructional scenario -- $t8. Conclusion -- $t9. Appendix: manuscript and corpus information -- $tReferences -- $tIndex 330 $aThis book investigates nominal determination in Old English and the emergence of the definite and the indefinite article. Analyzing Old English prose texts, it discusses the nature of linguistic categorization and argues that a usage-based, cognitive, constructionalist approach best explains when, how and why the article category developed. It is shown that the development of the OE demonstrative 'se' (that) and the OE numeral 'an' (one) should not be told as a story of two individual, grammaticalizing morphemes, but must be reconceptualized in constructional terms. The emergence of the morphological category 'article' follows from constructional changes in the linguistic networks of OE speakers and especially from 'grammatical constructionalization' (i.e. the emergence of a new, schematic, mostly procedural form-meaning pairing which previously did not exist in the constructicon). Next to other functional-cognitive reasons, the book especially highlights analogy and frequency effects as driving forces of linguistic change. 606 $aEnglish language$xWord formation 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aEnglish language$xWord formation. 676 $a422 700 $aSommerer$b Lotte$01027540 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910466778303321 996 $aArticle emergence in Old English$92443045 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05251nam 2200649Ia 450 001 996203314103316 005 20230617040457.0 010 $a1-280-51952-5 010 $a9786610519521 010 $a3-527-60467-7 010 $a3-527-60405-7 035 $a(CKB)1000000000328749 035 $a(EBL)481410 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000106998 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11131579 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000106998 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10012879 035 $a(PQKB)10959640 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC481410 035 $a(OCoLC)162198008 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000328749 100 $a20020924d2005 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aAsymmetric organocatalysis$b[electronic resource] $efrom biomimetic concepts to applications in asymmetric synthesis /$fAlbrecht Berkessel, Harald Gro?ger 210 $aWeinheim $cWiley-VCH$dc2005 215 $a1 online resource (456 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a3-527-30517-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aAsymmetric Organocatalysis - From Biomimetic Concepts to Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis; Contents; Preface; Foreword; 1 Introduction: Organocatalysis - From Biomimetic Concepts to Powerful Methods for Asymmetric Synthesis; References; 2 On the Structure of the Book, and a Few General Mechanistic Considerations; 2.1 The Structure of the Book; 2.2 General Mechanistic Considerations; References; 3 Nucleophilic Substitution at Aliphatic Carbon; 3.1 ?-Alkylation of Cyclic Ketones and Related Compounds; 3.2 ?-Alkylation of ?-Amino Acid Derivatives 327 $a3.2.1 Development of Highly Efficient Organocatalysts3.2.2 Improving Enantioselectivity During Work-up; 3.2.3 Specific Application in the Synthesis of Non-natural Amino Acids; 3.2.4 Synthesis of ?,?-Dialkylated Amino Acids; 3.2.5 Enantio- and Diastereoselective Processes - Synthesis of ?-Amino Acid Derivatives with Two Stereogenic Centers; 3.2.6 Solid-phase Syntheses; 3.3 ?-Alkylation of Other Acyclic Substrates; 3.4 Fluorination, Chlorination, and Bromination Reactions; 3.4.1 Fluorination Reactions; 3.4.2 Chlorination and Bromination Reactions; References 327 $a4 Nucleophilic Addition to Electron-deficient C=C Double Bonds4.1 Intermolecular Michael Addition; 4.1.1 Intermolecular Michael Addition of C-nucleophiles; 4.1.1.1 Chiral Bases and Phase-transfer Catalysis; 4.1.1.2 Activation of Michael Acceptors by Iminium Ion Formation, Activation of Carbonyl Donors by Enamine Formation; 4.1.1.3 Addition of C-nucleophiles to Azodicarboxylates; 4.1.1.4 Cyclopropanation of Enoates with Phenacyl Halides; 4.1.2 Intermolecular Michael Addition of N- and O-nucleophiles; 4.1.3 Intermolecular Michael Addition of S- and Se-nucleophiles 327 $a4.2 Intramolecular Michael Addition4.2.1 Intramolecular Michael Addition of C-nucleophiles; 4.2.2 Intramolecular Michael Addition of O-nucleophiles; References; 5 Nucleophilic Addition to C=N Double Bonds; 5.1 Hydrocyanation of Imines (Strecker Reaction); 5.1.1 Chiral Diketopiperazines as Catalysts; 5.1.2 Chiral Guanidines as Catalysts; 5.1.3 Chiral Ureas and Thioureas as Catalysts; 5.1.4 Chiral N-Oxides as ""Catalysts""; 5.2 The Mannich Reaction; 5.2.1 Enantioselective Direct Mannich Reaction: Products with One Stereogenic Center 327 $a5.2.2 Enantio- and Diastereoselective Direct Mannich Reaction: Products with Two Stereogenic Centers5.2.3 Proline-catalyzed Mannich Reaction: Process Development and Optimization; 5.2.4 Enantioselective Mannich Reaction using Silyl Ketene Acetals; 5.3 ?-Lactam Synthesis; 5.4 Sulfur Ylide-based Aziridination of Imines; 5.5 Hydrophosphonylation of Imines; References; 6 Nucleophilic Addition to C=O Double Bonds; 6.1 Hydrocyanation; 6.1.1 The Mechanism of the Reaction; 6.2 Aldol Reactions; 6.2.1 Intermolecular Aldol Reactions 327 $a6.2.1.1 Intermolecular Aldol Reaction With Formation of One Stereogenic Center 330 $aAsymmetric catalysis represents still one of the major challenges in modern organic chemistry. Besides the well-established asymmetric metal-complex-catalysed syntheses and biocatalysis, the use of ""pure"" organic catalysts turned out to be an additional efficient tool for the synthesis of chiral building blocks. In this handbook, the experienced authors from academia and industry provide the first overview of the important use of such metal-free organic catalysts in organic chemistry. With its comprehensive description of numerous reaction types, e.g., nucleophilic substitution and addition 606 $aAsymmetric synthesis 606 $aCatalysis 606 $aOrganic compounds$xSynthesis 615 0$aAsymmetric synthesis. 615 0$aCatalysis. 615 0$aOrganic compounds$xSynthesis. 676 $a547.215 686 $a35.52$2bcl 700 $aBerkessel$b Albrecht$0442696 701 $aGro?ger$b Harald$0866194 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996203314103316 996 $aAsymmetric organocatalysis$91933241 997 $aUNISA