LEADER 04089nam 2200625 450 001 9910465874803321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-5017-1248-9 024 7 $a10.7591/9781501712494 035 $a(CKB)3710000001386375 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4865551 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0001803925 035 $a(OCoLC)963231177 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse57118 035 $a(DLC) 2016052966 035 $a(DE-B1597)492934 035 $a(DE-B1597)9781501712494 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4865551 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11390036 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL1012774 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000001386375 100 $a20170622h20172017 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aHell and its rivals $edeath and retribution among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the early Middle Ages /$fAlan E. Bernstein 210 1$aIthaca, New York ;$aLondon, [England] :$cCornell University Press,$d2017. 210 4$dİ2017 215 $a1 online resource (392 pages) 300 $aPreviously issued in print: 2017. 311 $a1-5017-0780-9 311 $a1-5017-1249-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tContents -- $tPreface -- $tAcknowledgments -- $tAbbreviations -- $tIntroduction -- $tPart I. Foundations -- $t1. Gregory the Great -- $t2. Inner Death -- $t3. The Punishments -- $tPart II. Alternatives to Hell -- $t4. Exceptions to Hell -- $t5. Calibrated Justice and Purgatorial Fire -- $t6. Visions -- $tPart III. Hell in Abrahamic Religions -- $t7. Rabbinic Judaism -- $t8. Byzantine Universalism -- $t9. Islam -- $tConclusion -- $tBibliography -- $tIndex 330 $aThe idea of punishment after death-whereby the souls of the wicked are consigned to Hell (Gehenna, Gehinnom, or Jahannam)-emerged out of beliefs found across the Mediterranean, from ancient Egypt to Zoroastrian Persia, and became fundamental to the Abrahamic religions. Once Hell achieved doctrinal expression in the New Testament, the Talmud, and the Qur'an, thinkers began to question Hell's eternity, and to consider possible alternatives-hell's rivals. Some imagined outright escape, others periodic but temporary relief within the torments. One option, including Purgatory and, in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the Middle State, was to consider the punishments to be temporary and purifying. Despite these moral and theological hesitations, the idea of Hell has remained a historical and theological force until the present.In Hell and Its Rivals, Alan E. Bernstein examines an array of sources from within and beyond the three Abrahamic faiths-including theology, chronicles, legal charters, edifying tales, and narratives of near-death experiences-to analyze the origins and evolution of belief in Hell. Key social institutions, including slavery, capital punishment, and monarchy, also affected the afterlife beliefs of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Reflection on hell encouraged a stigmatization of "the other" that in turn emphasized the differences between these religions. Yet, despite these rivalries, each community proclaimed eternal punishment and answered related challenges to it in similar terms. For all that divided them, they agreed on the need for-and fact of-Hell. 606 $aHell$vComparative studies 606 $aHell$xChristianity$xHistory of doctrines$yMiddle Ages, 600-1500 606 $aHell$xIslam$xHistory of doctrines$yMiddle Ages, 600-1500 606 $aHell$xJudaism$xHistory of doctrines$yMiddle Ages, 600-1500 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aHell 615 0$aHell$xChristianity$xHistory of doctrines 615 0$aHell$xIslam$xHistory of doctrines 615 0$aHell$xJudaism$xHistory of doctrines 676 $a202.3 700 $aBernstein$b Alan E.$01045520 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910465874803321 996 $aHell and its rivals$92471873 997 $aUNINA LEADER 01971oam 2200565 450 001 9910717162103321 005 20220210090328.0 035 $a(CKB)5470000002528594 035 $a(OCoLC)1156323793 035 $a(EXLCZ)995470000002528594 100 $a20200602d1939 ua 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurbn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aWind-tunnel investigation of an N.A.C.A. 23021 airfoil with two arrangements of a 40-percent-chord slotted flap /$fby Frank Duschik 210 1$aWashington, [D.C.] :$cNational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,$d1939. 215 $a1 online resource (11 pages, 11 unnumbered pages) $cillustrations 225 1 $aTechnical note / National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ;$vNo. 728 300 $a"September 1939." 300 $aNo Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) item number. 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (page 10). 606 $aAerofoils 606 $aSlotted flaps (Airplanes) 606 $aWind tunnel testing 606 $aAerodynamics 606 $aAerodynamics$2fast 606 $aAerofoils$2fast 606 $aSlotted flaps (Airplanes)$2fast 606 $aWind tunnel testing$2fast 615 0$aAerofoils. 615 0$aSlotted flaps (Airplanes) 615 0$aWind tunnel testing. 615 0$aAerodynamics. 615 7$aAerodynamics. 615 7$aAerofoils. 615 7$aSlotted flaps (Airplanes) 615 7$aWind tunnel testing. 700 $aDuschik$b Frank$01393030 712 02$aUnited States.$bNational Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 801 0$bTRAAL 801 1$bTRAAL 801 2$bOCLCO 801 2$bOCLCF 801 2$bGPO 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910717162103321 996 $aWind-tunnel investigation of an N.A.C.A. 23021 airfoil with two arrangements of a 40-percent-chord slotted flap$93448628 997 $aUNINA