LEADER 05377nam 2200649 450 001 9910464830103321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-8213-9526-2 035 $a(CKB)3710000000140761 035 $a(EBL)1732179 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001305517 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11799414 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001305517 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11257476 035 $a(PQKB)11474684 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1732179 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1732179 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10886441 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL626977 035 $a(OCoLC)883571368 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000140761 100 $a20140630h20142014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aBiochar systems for smallholders in developing countries $eleveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture /$fSebastian M. Scholz [and five others] 210 1$aWashington, District of Columbia :$cThe World Bank,$d2014. 210 4$dİ2014 215 $a1 online resource (231 p.) 225 0 $aWorld Bank Study 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-306-95726-5 311 $a0-8213-9525-4 327 $aFront Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Introduction; Background on Biochar; Overall Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems; Figures; Figure ES.1 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept; Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems; Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems; Boxes; Box ES.1 Summary of Kenya Case Study; Box ES.2 Summary of Vietnam Case Study; Box ES.3 Summary of Senegal Case Study; Aspects of Technology Adoption; Potential Future Involvement of Development Institutions, Including the World Bank; Chapter 1Introduction 327 $aPotential of BiocharIncreases in Research into Biochar; Content and Purpose of Study; Figure 1.1 Acceleration of Published Research on Biochar and Charcoal; Methodology; Chapter 2Background on Biochar; Characteristics and Historical Basis of Biochar; Figure 2.1 Terra Preta Soil Pit near Manaus, Brazil, Showing Thick, Dark, Carbon-Enriched Top Layer; Biochar Systems; Figure 2.2 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept; Tables; Table 2.1 Typical Product Yields (Dry Basis) for Different Types of Thermochemical Conversion Processes That Generate Carbonaceous Residues; Note 327 $aChapter 3Opportunities and Risks of Biochar SystemsIntroduction; Impacts on Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity; Figure 3.1 Percentage Change in Crop Productivity upon Application of Biochar under Different Scenarios; Table 3.1 Possible Biochar Effects on Nitrogen Cycling; Impacts on Climate Change; Table 3.2 Direct and Indirect Sources of Biochar Emission Reductions; Figure 3.2 General Concept of the Carbon Storage Potential of Biochar Based on 1 Tonne (t) of Dry Feedstock (Slow Pyrolysis); Figure 3.3 Impact of Biochar on Climate Change Mitigation 327 $aFigure 3.4 Alternative Scenarios for Biomass Carbon DynamicsSocial Impacts; Competing Uses of Biomass; Table 3.3 Potential Biomass Use and Limitations; Notes; Chapter 4Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems; Survey; Classification of Biochar Systems; Figure 4.1 Distribution of Project Locations; Figure 4.2 Biochar Production Technologies; Figure 4.3 Utilization of Biochar Production Energy; Figure 4.4 Word Cloud Showing Biochar Feedstocks Most Frequently Cited by Survey Respondents; Figure 4.5 Scale of Biochar Production Systems 327 $aFigure 4.6 Typology of Biochar Systems by Type of Energy Recovery and Scale Showing Number of Projects with Each Type of Feedstock (n = 154)Figure 4.7 Summary of Dominant Biochar Typologies; Table 4.1 Biochar System Typology; Chapter 5Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems; Life-Cycle Assessment: Definition and Methodology; Box 5.1 Elements of a Life-Cycle Assessment; Case Studies; Kenya Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment; Figure 5.1 Schematic Flow Diagram for Biochar Production in a Pyrolysis Cookstove System; Figure 5.2 Pyrolysis Cookstove in Kenya Case Study 327 $aTable 5.1 Primary and Secondary Feedstock Characteristics and Availability for Baseline Scenario 330 $aBiochar is the carbon-rich organic matter that remains after heating biomass under minimization of oxygen during a process called pyrolysis. Its relevance to deforestation, agricultural resilience, and energy production, particularly in developing countries, makes it an important issue. This report offers a review of what is known about opportunities and risks of biochar systems. Its aim is to provide a state of the art overview of current knowledge regarding biochar science. In that sense the report also offers a reconciling view on different scientific opinions about biochar providing an ove 410 0$aWorld Bank Studies 606 $aBiochar 606 $aBiomass energy 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aBiochar. 615 0$aBiomass energy. 676 $a333.9539 702 $aScholz$b Sebastian M. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910464830103321 996 $aBiochar systems for smallholders in developing countries$92040891 997 $aUNINA