LEADER 08383nam 22017053u 450 001 9910464530403321 005 20210108060316.0 010 $a92-4-069211-8 035 $a(CKB)3710000000198673 035 $a(EBL)1741839 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001451782 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12624049 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001451782 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11477892 035 $a(PQKB)10231102 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1741839 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1741839 035 $a(OCoLC)884015886 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000198673 100 $a20140721d2014|||| u|| | 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aBasic Methods for Assessment of Renal Fluoride Excretion in Community Prevention Programmes for Oral Health$b[electronic resource] 210 $aGeneva $cWorld Health Organization$d2014 215 $a1 online resource (91 p.) 225 1 $aNonserial Publications 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a92-4-154870-3 327 $aCover; Contents; Acronyms and abbreviations; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Sources of fluoride intake in humans; 1.3 Fluoride metabolism and excretion; 1.4 Biomarkers of fluoride exposure; 1.5 Urinary fluoride assessments in population oral health; 1.6 Areas of uncertainty; 2 General design of study; 2.1 Background; 2.2 Identification of participants; 2.3 Sampling; Location; Number of subjects; Age groups; Frequency; Time of study and number of days; 2.4 Methods of monitoring; 2.4.1 24-hour urine collection 327 $a2.4.2 Timed collections of urine obtained from defined periods of a day3 Methods for collecting urine, and for handling and evaluating results; 3.1 Recording of information; 3.1.1 General information; Figures; Figure 3.1 Example of daytime label used in time-controlled collections, to be attached to the urine collecting jar (WHO Form No. 96392, modified); Figure 3.2 Overnight urine collection label used in time-controlled collections (WHO Form No. 96393); Figure 3.3 Summary record form of urine collection from a group of children in time-controlled collections (WHO Form No. 96391) 327 $a3.1.2 Personal informationFigure 3.4 Sample invitation; Figure 3.5 Questionnaire on use of fluoride supplements and toothpaste; 3.2 Essential preparatory practices; 3.2.1 Pre-collection planning approaches; 4 Twenty-four hour urine collection; 4.1 Procedure; 4.2 Fluoride and creatinine concentrations; 4.3 Information to be recorded; 4.4 Determination of fluoride in urine; 4.5 General rules for tabulation and processing of data; 5 Design of the final report for 24-hour urine collection; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Materials and methods; 5.3 Results; Tables 327 $aTable 5.1 Urinary fluoride excretion data from 24-hour urine collections5.4 Discussion and conclusion; 5.5 Summary; 5.6 Tables for the 24-hour collection method; Table 5.2 Criteria for cleaning data from children aged 2-6 years, from 24-hour collections; Table 5.3 Standards for urinary fluoride excretion (mg/24-hour cycle): lower and upper margins; Table 5.4 Calculated daily urinary fluoride excretion associated with low, optimal and high fluoride intake for ages 1-14 years 327 $aTable 5.5 Calculated daily urinary fluoride excretion associated with low, optimal and high fluoride intake for broader age groups6 Collections of 8-18 hours (within the 24-hour cycle); 6.1 Collection of nocturnal urine and during periods of high excretion; 6.2 Optional calculations obtained from time-controlled urine collection - Use of a standardized format; 6.2.1 Coded recordings of personal data and individual fluoride exposure; 6.2.2 Standard table for surveys with 24-hour collections; 6.2.3 Standard table for surveys with two collections totalling 14-16 hours, using MS Excel 327 $a6.2.4 Standard table for surveys with three collections totalling 14-16 hours using MS Excel: complete series 330 $aThis manual informs about practical procedures inassessment of renal fluoride excretion based on experience fromexisting national fluoridation programmes. Theassessment tools will primarily be useful inassisting countries in achieving an effectivefluoride exposure. It is a hope that the manual willstimulate oral health personnel and public healthadministrators to use a systematic approach formanaging and analysing data obtained fromdifferent levels of fluoride exposure. Finally themanual encourages inter-country collaboration onsurveillance systems for community programmesusing fluoride for pr 410 0$aNonserial Publications 606 $aDental hygiene 606 $aDental pharmacology 606 $aPharmacology 606 $aWater$xFluoridation$xHealth aspects 606 $aQuality of Health Care 606 $aHealth Services Administration 606 $aEvaluation Studies as Topic 606 $aHealth Care Evaluation Mechanisms 606 $aInvestigative Techniques 606 $aPublic Health Dentistry 606 $aWater Supply 606 $aTooth Diseases 606 $aBody Fluids 606 $aHydrofluoric Acid 606 $aPreventive Dentistry 606 $aAnions 606 $aDentistry 606 $aFluids and Secretions 606 $aHealth Care 606 $aFluorine Compounds 606 $aEnvironment and Public Health 606 $aSpecialties, Dental 606 $aIons 606 $aSanitary Engineering 606 $aStomatognathic Diseases 606 $aSanitation 606 $aInorganic Chemicals 606 $aAnatomy 606 $aHealth Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation 606 $aDiseases 606 $aElectrolytes 606 $aHealth Occupations 606 $aPublic Health 606 $aOccupations 606 $aMethods 606 $aProgram Evaluation 606 $aFluoridation 606 $aFluorosis, Dental 606 $aFluorides 606 $aOrganization and Administration 606 $aUrine 606 $aCommunity Dentistry 606 $aPublic Health$2HILCC 606 $aHealth & Biological Sciences$2HILCC 606 $aEnvironmental Health$2HILCC 608 $aElectronic books. 615 4$aDental hygiene. 615 4$aDental pharmacology. 615 4$aPharmacology. 615 0$aWater$xFluoridation$xHealth aspects 615 2$aQuality of Health Care 615 2$aHealth Services Administration 615 2$aEvaluation Studies as Topic 615 2$aHealth Care Evaluation Mechanisms 615 2$aInvestigative Techniques 615 2$aPublic Health Dentistry 615 2$aWater Supply 615 2$aTooth Diseases 615 2$aBody Fluids 615 2$aHydrofluoric Acid 615 2$aPreventive Dentistry 615 2$aAnions 615 2$aDentistry 615 2$aFluids and Secretions 615 2$aHealth Care 615 2$aFluorine Compounds 615 2$aEnvironment and Public Health 615 2$aSpecialties, Dental 615 2$aIons 615 2$aSanitary Engineering 615 2$aStomatognathic Diseases 615 2$aSanitation 615 2$aInorganic Chemicals 615 2$aAnatomy 615 2$aHealth Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation 615 2$aDiseases 615 2$aElectrolytes 615 2$aHealth Occupations 615 2$aPublic Health 615 2$aOccupations 615 2$aMethods 615 2$aProgram Evaluation 615 2$aFluoridation 615 2$aFluorosis, Dental 615 2$aFluorides 615 2$aOrganization and Administration 615 2$aUrine 615 2$aCommunity Dentistry 615 7$aPublic Health 615 7$aHealth & Biological Sciences 615 7$aEnvironmental Health 676 $a617.6/01 676 $a617.601 700 $aWHO$0871251 702 $aPetersen$b P. E 702 $aMarthaler$b T. M 702 $aPetersen$b P. E 702 $aMarthaler$b T. M 712 02$aWorld Health Organization 801 0$bAU-PeEL 801 1$bAU-PeEL 801 2$bAU-PeEL 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910464530403321 996 $aBasic Methods for Assessment of Renal Fluoride Excretion in Community Prevention Programmes for Oral Health$92462372 997 $aUNINA