LEADER 03649nam 2200481 a 450 001 9910462697003321 005 20210114210955.0 010 $a0-19-936113-4 010 $a0-19-999130-8 035 $a(CKB)2670000000417366 035 $a(StDuBDS)AH25563619 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3055440 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000417366 100 $a20130630d2013 fy| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 200 10$aDefending democratic norms$b[electronic resource] /$einternational actors and the politics of electoral misconduct /$fDaniela Donno 210 $aNew York $cOxford University Press$d2013 215 $a1 online resource (272 pages) 311 $a0-19-999129-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 330 8 $aElectoral misconduct is widespread, but only some countries are punished by international actors for violating democratic norms. Using an original dataset and country case studies, this book explains variation in international norm enforcement.$bAlthough nearly every country in the world today holds multiparty elections, these contests are often blatantly unfair. For governments, electoral misconduct is a tempting but also a risky practice, because it represents a violation of Although nearly every country in the world today holds multiparty elections, these contests are often blatantly unfair. For governments, electoral misconduct is a tempting but also a risky practice, because it represents a violation of internationalstandards for free and fair elections. In Defending Democratic Norms, Daniela Donno examines how international actors respond to these norm violations. Which governments are punished for manipulating elections? Does international norm enforcement make a difference? Donno shows that althoughenforcement is selective and relatively rare, when international actors do employ tools of conditionality, diplomacy, mediation and shaming in response to electoral misconduct, they can have transformative effects on both the quality and outcome of elections. Specifically, enforcement works by empowering the domestic opposition and increasing the government's incentives to reform institutions of electoral management and oversight. These effects depend, however, on the presence of a viableopposition movement, as well as on the strength and credibility of the enforcement effort itself. The book shows that regional international organizations possess unique sources of leverage and legitimacy that make them the most consistently effective norm defenders, even compared to more materiallypowerful actors like the United States. Drawing on an original dataset from almost 700 elections and incorporating case studies from the Dominican Republic, Serbia, Armenia, Kenya and Cambodia, Defending Democratic Norms is a bold new theory of international norm enforcement that demonstrates the importance of active international intervention in domestic politics. 606 $aElection monitoring 606 $aContested elections 606 $aDemocratization 606 $aComparative government 606 $aPolitics and Government$2ukslc 608 $aElectronic books.$2lcsh 615 0$aElection monitoring. 615 0$aContested elections. 615 0$aDemocratization. 615 0$aComparative government. 615 7$aPolitics and Government. 676 $a324.65 700 $aDonno$b Daniela$0951181 801 0$bStDuBDS 801 1$bStDuBDS 801 2$bStDuBDSZ 801 2$bUkPrAHLS 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910462697003321 996 $aDefending democratic norms$92150246 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05063nam 2200745Ia 450 001 9910463256203321 005 20220218171143.0 010 $a0-8122-0206-6 024 7 $a10.9783/9780812202069 035 $a(CKB)2670000000418311 035 $a(EBL)3442193 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001052019 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11703247 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001052019 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11061637 035 $a(PQKB)10737757 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3442193 035 $a(OCoLC)859161122 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse29099 035 $a(DE-B1597)449064 035 $a(OCoLC)1013960852 035 $a(OCoLC)979970063 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780812202069 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3442193 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10748625 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000418311 100 $a20030930d2004 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn#---|u||u 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aSouls in dispute$b[electronic resource] $econverso identities in Iberia and the Jewish diaspora, 1580-1700 /$fDavid L. Graizbord 210 $aPhiladelphia $cUniversity of Pennsylvania Press$dc2004 215 $a1 online resource (272 p.) 225 0 $aJewish Culture and Contexts 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 0 $a0-8122-3749-8 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [237]-249) and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tChapter 1. Introduction --$tChapter 2. Conversos: The Iberian Context --$tChapter 3. Exile and Return --$tChapter 4. Interrogation, Confession, and Reversion to Christianity --$tChapter 5. The Conversion and Reconversion of Antonio Rodriguez de Amézquita --$tChapter 6. Conclusion: On the Historical Significance of Renegades' Self-Subjugation --$tAppendix --$tNotes --$tGlossary --$tSelected Bibliography --$tIndex --$tAcknowledgments 330 $aThroughout the Middle Ages, the Iberian Peninsula was home to a rich cultural mix of Christians, Jews, and Muslims. At the end of the fifteenth century, however, the last Islamic stronghold fell, and Jews were forced either to convert to Christianity or to face expulsion. Thousands left for other parts of Europe and Asia, eventually establishing Sephardic communities in Amsterdam, Venice, Istanbul, southwestern France, and elsewhere. More than a hundred years after the expulsion, some Judeoconversos-descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Jews who had converted to Christianity-were forced to flee the Iberian Peninsula once again to avoid ethnic and religious persecution. Many of them joined the Sephardic Diaspora and embraced rabbinic Judaism. Later some of these same people or their descendants returned to Iberian lands temporarily or permanently and, in a twist that Jewish authorities considered scandalous, reverted to Catholicism. Among them were some who betrayed their fellow conversos to the Holy Office. In Souls in Dispute, David L. Graizbord unravels this intriguing history of the renegade conversos and constructs a detailed and psychologically acute portrait of their motivations. Through a probing analysis of relevant inquisitorial documents and a wide-ranging investigation into the history of the Sephardic Diaspora and Habsburg Spain, Graizbord shows that, far from being simply reckless and vindictive, the renegades used their double acts of border crossing to negotiate a dangerous and unsteady economic environment: so long as their religious and social ambiguity remained undetected, they were rewarded with the means for material survival. In addition, Graizbord sheds new light on the conflict-ridden transformation of makeshift Jewish colonies of Iberian expatriates-especially in the borderlands of southwestern France-showing that the renegades failed to accommodate fully to a climate of conformity that transformed these Sephardic groups into disciplined communities of Jews. Ultimately, Souls in Dispute explains how and why Judeoconversos built and rebuilt their religious and social identities, and what it meant to them to be both Jewish and Christian given the constraints they faced in their time and place in history. 410 0$aJewish Culture and Contexts 606 $aCrypto-Jews$zSpain 606 $aJews$zSpain$xHistory$y17th century 606 $aJews$zSpain$xHistory$y18th century 606 $aJews$zSpain$xIdentity 606 $aSocial integration$zSpain$xHistory$y17th century 606 $aSocial integration$zSpain$xHistory$y18th century 607 $aSpain$xEthnic relations 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aCrypto-Jews 615 0$aJews$xHistory 615 0$aJews$xHistory 615 0$aJews$xIdentity. 615 0$aSocial integration$xHistory 615 0$aSocial integration$xHistory 676 $a946/.004924 700 $aGraizbord$b David L$01055135 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910463256203321 996 $aSouls in dispute$92488303 997 $aUNINA