LEADER 05492nam 2200685Ia 450 001 9910462345303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-70516-8 010 $a0-8213-9457-6 035 $a(CKB)2670000000269684 035 $a(EBL)1048957 035 $a(OCoLC)801052009 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000751753 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11445479 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000751753 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10753755 035 $a(PQKB)11027319 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1048957 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1048957 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10608658 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL401766 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000269684 100 $a20120717d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aRenewable energy desalination$b[electronic resource] $ean emerging solution to close the Middle East and North Africa's water gap 210 $aWashington DC $cWorld Bank$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (236 p.) 225 0 $aMENA development report 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8213-8838-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aContents; Foreword; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; Overview; Tables; O.1 MENA Annual Water Demand and Supply under Average Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; Figures; O.1 Sources of New Water Supplies by 2050; O.2 Distribution of Worldwide Desalination Capacity, 2007; O.2 Total Annualized Cost of Desalinated Seawater; O.3 Electricity Cost of Concentrating Solar Power Plants Compared to Specific Cost of Peak-, Medium-, and Baseload Plants (Annualized Costs); O.3 Levelized Costs of Electricity of CSP and Other Technologies; O.4 Total Annualized Cost of RE-Desalinated Seawater; 1. Introduction 327 $aOrigin and Purpose of This StudyChapter Summaries; Note; References; 2. MENA's Water Gap Will Grow Fivefold by 2050; 2.1 MENA Annual Water Demand and Supply under Average Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; Water Availability and Demand; Maps; 2.1 Declining per Capita Water Availability: A Growing Threat in MENA; MENA's Current Water Balance: Already in the Red; 2.1 Water Resources Availability and Use in MENA Countries; Climate Change Threatens MENA's Future Water Availability; 2.2 Predicted Water Availability in the MENA Region, 2010-50; MENA's Future Water Demand: Population and GDP Factor 327 $a2.2 Predicted Changes in Water Availability in the MENA Region, 2010-502.3 Relation between per Capita Domestic Water Withdrawals and GDP per Capita; 2.3 Distribution of MENA Areas Equipped for Irrigation, 2000; Future Water Balance: The Gap Grows; 2.2 MENA Irrigation Water Demand; 2.3 MENA Water Demand Gap under Three Climate Scenarios, 2000-50; 2.4 Current and Future Water Demand and Unmet Demand Gap under the Average Climate Change Projection; Imperative for Demand and Supply Management; 2.4 Value of Groundwater Depletion in Selected MENA Countries as a Share of GDP 327 $a2.5 High-Tech Agricultural Packages Increase Water Use Efficiency2.6 Cost Range for Water Reuse; Notes; References; 3. Closing MENA's Water Gap Is Costly and Challenging; Strategic Approach; 3.1 Schematic Representation of Marginal Water Cost Curve; Unit Costs of Tactical Options; Alleviating the Demand Gap; 3.1 Effect of Tactical Options under the Average Climate Scenario to Reduce MENA Water Demand Gap by 2040-50; 3.2 Desalination Will Play a Significant Role in Closing the Water Demand Gap in Most MENA Countries by 2040-50 327 $a3.3 Ranking and Magnitude of Tactical Options to Fill the Water Gap by 2050 Vary Considerably by CountryPhasing of Tactical Options Strongly Influenced by Sunk Investment; Transition from Conventional to CSP Desalination; 3.4 Typical Desalination Plant Life Curves, 2010-50; Phasing the Tactical Options; Costs of Adaptation Measures; 3.5 Maximum Annual Capacity Additions for CSP Desalination Plants in MENA; 3.6 Cost-Optimized Pattern of Future Water Supply for MENA under the "Average" Climate Change Scenario, 2000-50; 3.2 Adaptation Costs by Country Ranked by Costs per Capita; Notes 327 $aReferences 330 $aThe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region is one of the most water stressed regions in the world. Water scarcity has already become a challenge to development in many of the countries. Due to increasing population and Projected climate change impacts, MENA's annual water demand gap is projected to grow five-fold by 2050, from today's 42 Km3 to 200 km3 by 2050.Despite its extreme scarcity, water is managed poorly. Inefficiencies are common in the agriculture, municipal and industrial systems; and many utilities are financially unsustainable. As a result, countries overexploit their fossil 606 $aSaline water conversion$zMiddle East 606 $aSaline water conversion$zAfrica, North 606 $aRenewable energy sources$zMiddle East 606 $aRenewable energy sources$zAfrica, North 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aSaline water conversion 615 0$aSaline water conversion 615 0$aRenewable energy sources 615 0$aRenewable energy sources 676 $a628.1/67 712 02$aWorld Bank. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910462345303321 996 $aRenewable energy desalination$92476083 997 $aUNINA