LEADER 03776oam 2200685I 450 001 9910462339103321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-136-52060-0 010 $a1-280-68620-0 010 $a0-203-15304-9 024 7 $a10.4324/9780203153048 035 $a(CKB)2670000000204032 035 $a(EBL)982531 035 $a(OCoLC)804661913 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000659576 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12282559 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000659576 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10694733 035 $a(PQKB)10326508 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC982531 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL982531 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10568477 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL366314 035 $a(OCoLC)796804066 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000204032 100 $a20180706d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aWildfire policy $elaw and economics perspectives /$fedited by Karen M. Bradshaw and Dean Lueck 210 1$aNew York, N.Y. :$cRFF Press,$d2012. 215 $a1 online resource (225 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-933115-95-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCommon law liability for fire : a conceptual, historical, and economic analysis / Richard A. Epstein -- Property and fire / Thomas W. Merrill -- Fuel for the fire : liability and the economics of wildfire risk / Jonathan Yoder -- Economics and the organization of wildfire suppression / Dean Lueck -- Norms of fire suppression among public and private landowners / Karen M. Bradshaw -- The political economy of wildfire management : saving forests, saving houses, or burning money / Sarah E. Anderson and Terry L. Anderson -- When "smoke isn't smoke" : missteps in air quality regulation of wildfire smoke / Kirsten Engel and Andrew Reeves -- Private and public provision of firefighting services in rural Australia / Jeff Bennett -- Fire suppression policy, whether, and western wildland fire trends : an empirical analysis / Jason Scott Johnston and Jonathan Klick -- In harm's way : homeowner behavior and wildland fire policy / Carolyn Kousky, Sheila Olmstead, and Roger Sedjo. 330 $aDuring the five decades since its origin, law and economics has provided an influential framework for addressing a wide array of areas of law ranging from judicial behaviour to contracts. This book will reflects the first-ever forum for law and economics scholars to apply the analysis and methodologies of their field to the subject of wildfire. The only modern legal work on wildfire, the book brings together leading scholars to consider questions such as: How can public policy address the effects of climate change on wildfire, and wildfire on climate change? Are the environmental and fiscal co 606 $aWildfires$xLaw and legislation$zUnited States 606 $aWildfires$xEconomic aspects$zUnited States 606 $aWildfires$zUnited States$xPrevention and control 606 $aWildfires$xPrevention and control$xGovernment policy$zUnited States 606 $aWildfires$zAustralia$xPrevention and control 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aWildfires$xLaw and legislation 615 0$aWildfires$xEconomic aspects 615 0$aWildfires$xPrevention and control. 615 0$aWildfires$xPrevention and control$xGovernment policy 615 0$aWildfires$xPrevention and control. 676 $a363.37/9 701 $aBradshaw$b Karen$0919576 701 $aLueck$b Dean$0919577 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910462339103321 996 $aWildfire policy$92062706 997 $aUNINA LEADER 09628nam 2200493 450 001 9910629278203321 005 20230319165643.0 010 $a3-031-06271-X 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC7132896 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL7132896 035 $a(CKB)25289753800041 035 $a(PPN)266354173 035 $a(EXLCZ)9925289753800041 100 $a20230319d2022 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aFrom net neutrality to ICT neutrality /$fPatrick Maille? and Bruno Tuffin 210 1$aCham, Switzerland :$cSpringer,$d[2022] 210 4$d©2022 215 $a1 online resource (194 pages) 311 08$aPrint version: Maillé, Patrick From Net Neutrality to ICT Neutrality Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 9783031062704 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acronyms -- 1 Introduction: A Bit of History -- 1.1 The Advent of the Digital Economy and the Need for Regulation -- 1.2 The Internet: Worries About the Lack of Neutrality -- 1.3 New Services: New Difficulties and Potential Hindrance to Society -- 1.4 Toward ICT Neutrality? -- 1.5 Goal and Organization of This Book -- 2 Definitions -- 2.1 Several Definitions of Neutrality -- 2.2 Analysis and Comparison -- 2.3 Specialized Services -- 2.3.1 Perimeter of Specialized Services -- 2.3.2 Need for Specialized Services -- 2.3.3 Implications of Introducing a Special Class of Service -- 2.4 Zero-Rating and Sponsored Data -- 2.5 Public Consultations -- 2.6 Worldwide Implementations -- 2.6.1 North America -- 2.6.1.1 USA -- 2.6.1.2 Canada -- 2.6.1.3 Mexico -- 2.6.2 Europe -- 2.6.2.1 European Union -- 2.6.2.2 France -- 2.6.2.3 Germany -- 2.6.2.4 United Kingdom -- 2.6.2.5 The Netherlands -- 2.6.2.6 Norway -- 2.6.2.7 Slovenia -- 2.6.2.8 Russia -- 2.6.3 Asia -- 2.6.3.1 China -- 2.6.3.2 Japan -- 2.6.3.3 South Korea -- 2.6.3.4 India -- 2.6.4 Oceania -- 2.6.4.1 Australia -- 2.6.4.2 New Zealand -- 2.6.5 South America -- 2.6.5.1 Chile -- 2.6.5.2 Brazil -- 2.6.6 Africa -- 2.7 A Situation Still Evolving -- 2.8 A Trade-Off with Users Deciding Differentiation? -- 2.9 Conclusions -- 3 Pros and Cons: The Arguments in the Debate -- 3.1 The ``Freedom'' Arguments: Whose Freedom? -- 3.1.1 [Pro-NN] Net Neutrality Is Needed to Guarantee Free Speech -- 3.1.2 [Anti-NN] Net Neutrality Hinders Operators' Freedom of Enterprise -- 3.2 The ``Investment'' Arguments -- 3.2.1 [Anti-NN] Returns on Investments Are Needed -- 3.2.2 [Pro-NN] More Customers, More Investments -- 3.3 The ``Competition and Innovation'' Arguments -- 3.3.1 [Pro-NN] Non-neutrality Biases the Competition Among Services. 327 $a3.3.2 [Anti-NN] ISPs Favoring Some Content Providers Stimulates ISP Competition (Through Content) -- 3.3.3 [Pro-NN] Neutrality Is Needed to Allow Innovating Newcomers -- 3.4 The ``Security and Privacy'' Arguments -- 3.4.1 [Anti-NN] Encryption Already Prevents Discrimination -- 3.4.2 [Pro-NN] Neutrality Helps Protect Privacy -- 3.5 The ``Welfare'' Arguments -- 3.5.1 [Pro-NN] Non-neutrality Would Lead to a Fragmented Internet, Which Is Bad For Users -- 3.5.2 [Anti-NN] Content Providers Should Contribute to the Infrastructure Costs to Reduce Users' Share -- 3.5.3 [Anti-NN] A Free Market Finds the Most Efficient Outcome -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 4 Mathematical Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction to Mathematical Modeling and Game Theory -- 4.1.1 Elements of Non-cooperative Game Theory -- 4.1.2 Output Analysis -- 4.1.3 Principle of Mechanism Design -- 4.2 A Basic Model -- 4.3 Model with Two Content Providers -- 4.3.1 Pricing Game Between CPs (?=2) -- 4.3.2 Fully Neutral Case (?=2) -- 4.3.3 Weakly Neutral Case (?=2) -- 4.3.4 Non-neutral Case (?=2) -- 4.3.5 Comparison -- 4.4 Other Conclusions from the Literature -- 4.5 Additional Notes -- 5 Non-neutrality Pushed by Content Providers -- 5.1 Non-neutrality as a Barrier to Entry Protecting Incumbents -- 5.1.1 Modeling the Impact of a New Entrant CP -- 5.1.2 Actors' Revenues and Decision Time Scales -- 5.1.2.1 CP Revenues -- 5.1.2.2 ISP Revenue -- 5.1.2.3 Order of Decisions -- 5.1.3 Analyzing the Game for Fixed Side Payments -- 5.1.3.1 User Decisions -- 5.1.3.2 ISP Subscription Price pA -- 5.1.3.3 Should the New CP Enter the Market? -- 5.1.3.4 Illustration Example: Impact of the Side Payment -- 5.1.4 Can the ISP and the Incumbent CP Agree on Side Payments? -- 5.1.4.1 Side Payments Maximizing the ISP Revenue Are Not Sustainable -- 5.1.4.2 Can Side Payments Benefit Both the Incumbent CP and the ISP?. 327 $a5.1.4.3 How Can the ISP and Incumbent CP Agree on a Side Payment Level? -- 5.1.4.4 What About Users? Should the Regulator Intervene? -- 5.1.5 Refining the Model -- 5.2 Sponsored Data and Zero Rating -- 5.2.1 Modeling Sponsored-Data Practices in a Competitive ISP Context -- 5.2.1.1 Users' Decisions and Preferences -- 5.2.1.2 The CP Side: Advertising and Sponsoring -- 5.2.1.3 ISP Price Competition -- 5.2.1.4 Order of Decisions -- 5.2.2 How Does the CP Decide to Sponsor and Add Advertisement? -- 5.2.2.1 The Pricing Game Played by ISPs -- 5.2.3 A Practice Finally Mostly Benefiting ISPs? -- 5.3 When Big CPs Designate the ``Good'' ISPs: Incentivizing Non-neutrality Without Paying -- 5.3.1 ISP Competition: The Importance of Looking Good -- 5.3.2 A Two-ISP, Two-CP model with Heterogeneous Users -- 5.3.2.1 Modelling Consumer (Heterogeneous) Usage of Different CPs -- 5.3.2.2 ISPs Deciding How to Allocate Their Capacity Affects CP Quality -- 5.3.2.3 Introducing Some Asymmetry Among CPs: Required Throughput -- 5.3.2.4 Users Care About the Quality of the Services They Use! -- 5.3.2.5 A (Simple) Game on Differentiation -- 5.3.3 User Equilibria: How ISP Decisions Affect User Subscription Choices -- 5.3.4 The Game Among ISPs and Its Consequences -- 5.3.4.1 At the Equilibrium, Both ISPs Differentiate the Same Way -- 5.3.4.2 Equilibrium vs Neutral Capacity Allocation: Neutrality Hindering Innovation? -- 5.3.4.3 Equilibrium vs Neutral Capacity Allocation: No Impact for ISPs -- 5.3.4.4 Equilibrium vs Neutral Capacity Allocation: What About Users? -- 5.3.5 A Model Yielding Unexpected Conclusions -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6 A More General View of Neutrality -- 6.1 Is It Relevant to Generalize Network Neutrality? -- 6.2 Content Delivery Networks: Intermediaries Flying Under the Radar? -- 6.2.1 Introduction to CDN Role and Impact. 327 $a6.2.2 Model Illustrating the Impact of CDNs on Competition Between CPs -- 6.2.3 Model Illustrating the Impact of CDNs on Competition Between ISPs -- 6.3 Issues Related to Vertical Integration -- 6.3.1 Vertical Integration and the Internet Ecosystem -- 6.3.2 Illustration of Vertical Integration on Our Basic Model -- 6.3.3 Other Illustrations and Results from Models -- 6.4 Device Neutrality -- 6.5 Neutrality of Structuring Platforms -- 6.6 Also Toward Data Neutrality? -- 7 Search Neutrality -- 7.1 Is It in Search Engines' Interest to Be Neutral? -- 7.1.1 Modeling the Long-Term vs. Short-Term Gains Trade-Off -- 7.1.1.1 Modeling Requests as Random Pairs of Vectors -- 7.1.1.2 Click-Through-Rate: Impact of Position and Relevance -- 7.1.1.3 Frequency of Requests and SE Objective Function -- 7.1.1.4 How Would a Neutral SE Work? -- 7.1.2 The Revenue-Maximizing Ranking Policy: An (Almost) Explicit Trade-Off Between Relevance and Gains -- 7.1.3 Neutral vs. Non-neutral Search Engine: What Are the Differences? -- 7.1.3.1 A Simple Example with 10 Actors -- 7.1.3.2 Ad Revenues Are Good for Result Quality! -- 7.1.3.3 Should Users Care Whether Their SE Is Neutral? -- 7.1.3.4 Quantifying How Non-neutrality Distorts Competition Among CPs -- 7.1.3.5 Impact of Search (Non-)Neutrality on Innovation -- 7.2 Detecting Bias and Trying to Build a ``Neutral'' Search Engine -- 7.2.1 A Look At Related Contributions -- 7.2.2 An Estimation of Page Relevance: Average Page Visibility -- 7.2.3 Quantifying How ``Consensual'' a Search Engine Is:The SE Score -- 7.2.4 Pointing Out Possible Bias: Statistical Tests -- 7.2.5 Aggregating Results from SEs to Create Meta-SEs -- 7.2.5.1 The Consensus Ranking -- 7.2.5.2 The Majority Judgment Ranking -- 7.2.5.3 Robustness to Bias: Consensus Ranking vs Majority Judgment -- 7.2.6 A Few Observations from a Campaign on 1000 Search Terms. 327 $a7.2.6.1 The ``Chrome'' Search Term -- 7.3 Conclusion -- 8 Algorithmic Transparency -- 8.1 Algorithmic Transparency and Structuring Platforms: Why Introduce Scrutiny? -- 8.2 Worries About the Transparency of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms -- 8.3 How to Proceed? -- 8.4 Fake News, Manipulation of Opinions, Hatred, and Fact Checking -- 8.5 Conclusion on Transparency and Neutrality -- 9 Tools to Monitor Neutrality -- 9.1 Why Are Specific Tools Needed? -- 9.2 Tools for the Monitoring of ISPs -- 9.2.1 Potential Infringements -- 9.2.2 Available Tools -- 9.2.3 The Limits of the Existing Tools -- 9.3 Monitoring Other Actors -- 9.3.1 Monitoring CDNs -- 9.3.2 Monitoring Search Engines -- 9.4 Tools and Algorithmic Transparency -- 9.5 Fact-Checking Tools -- 10 Conclusions -- References. 606 $aComputer science 606 $aNetwork neutrality 615 0$aComputer science. 615 0$aNetwork neutrality. 676 $a215 700 $aMaille?$b Patrick$01265378 702 $aTuffin$b Bruno 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910629278203321 996 $aFrom net neutrality to ICT neutrality$93071100 997 $aUNINA