LEADER 05066nam 2200553Ia 450 001 9910461985203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-4755-1307-0 010 $a1-4755-1291-0 035 $a(CKB)2670000000278820 035 $a(EBL)1607021 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1607021 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1607021 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10627041 035 $a(OCoLC)814296680 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000278820 100 $a20111102d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 200 10$aCan women save Japan?$b[electronic resource] /$fChad Steinberg and Masato Nakane 210 $aWashington, DC $cInternational Monetary Fund$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (52 p.) 225 0 $aIMF working paper ;$v12/XX 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4755-1308-9 311 $a1-4755-1292-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Demographic Change (1980-2040); 2. Working-age Population Change (1950-2050); 3. Immigration and Female Labor Participation; 4. Real GDP: Policy Scenario with Higher Female Participation; II. Explaining Differences in FLP Rates across OECD Countries; 5. FLP Distribution Across 22 Countries; 6. Difference by Gender in Prime-age Labor Participation Rate; A. Empirical Results: The Role of Demographics; Tables; 1. Gap between FLP and MLP, and Demographic Variables; 7. Demographic Variables and FLP Changes (1970-2007) 327 $aB. Empirical Results Continued: The Role of Policies2. Change Over Time in Number of Children and Education Effects; 8. Ratio of Demographic Variables SDs in 2005 to 1980 SDs; 3. Effects on FLP by One S.D. Change of Each Variable; 9. Marginal Effects of Family Allowance and Tax Wedge; III. Why Is Japan Different?; 10. FLP-MLP Gap vs. Childcare per Child; 11.1 FLP vs. Children per Woman (1980); 11.2 FLP vs. Children per Woman (2008); 12. Children per Woman vs. Childcare per Child (2007); IV. Women to the Rescue: Policies to Raise FLP in Japan; A. Hurdle 1: Employment and Promotion Policies 327 $a13. Female Managers (2009)14. Female Sogoshoku Workers in 2000 and 2008; 15. Gender Gap in Median Wages (2009); B. Hurdle 2: Balancing Family Responsibilities with Work; 16. Female Labor Participation Rate by Age Group (2009); 17. Take-up Rate of Parental Leave (1996-2011); 18. New Mothers' Maternity Leave (2008); 19. Enrollment of Small Children in Formal Childcare (2008); 20. Daycare Capacity and Waitlisted Children (2002-2010); 4. Reasons for Stay Out of Labor Market among Female Labor Force, 2010; 21. Time Dedicated to Childcare by Men; 22. Public Expenditure on Child Support (2005) 327 $aC. Special Issues for Low-Income Households23.1 Institutional Advantages for Spouses by Annual Income; 23.2 Distribution of Female Annual Wage (2007); V. Conclusions; 24. Relative Poverty Rate for Single-Parent Household; Boxes; 1. The Netherlands' Part-Time Economy; 25. Female Labor Participation in Japan and the Netherlands; 26. Female Part-time Employment (2010); 2. Family-Friendly Sweden; 27. Parental and Maternity Leave vs. Compensation (2008); Appendix I. Additional Tables and Figures; 5. Number of Observations in the Dataset (1960-2008); 6. Latest Data Available 327 $a7. Correlation among All Variables8. Gap between FLP and MLP, and Demographic and Policy Variables; 9. Gap between FLP and MLP, and Demographic and Policy Variables including Marriage Rate; 10. Regression of FLP on Demographic and Policy Variables; 11. Effects on FLP by One S.D. Change of Ten-year Average Variables; 28. Scatter Plots of Each Variable in Levels; 29. Scatter Plots of Each Variable in Changes; 30. Scatter Plots of Each Ten-year Mean Variable at Level; 31. Within Variable Explanation; 32. Cross-section Explanation; 33. Cross-section Explanation using Ten-year Average 327 $aAppendix II. Definition and Sources of Data 330 $aJapan's potential growth rate is steadily falling with the aging of its population. This paper explores the extent to which raising female labor participation can help slow this trend. Using a cross-country database we find that smaller families, higher female education, and lower marriage rates are associated with much of the rise in women's aggregate participation rates within countries over time, but that policies are likely increasingly important for explaining differences across countries. Raising female participation could provide an important boost to growth, but women face two hurdles 410 0$aIMF Working Papers 606 $aWomen$xEmployment$zJapan 606 $aWomen$zJapan 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aWomen$xEmployment 615 0$aWomen 700 $aSteinberg$b Chad$0943499 701 $aNakane$b Masato$0943500 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910461985203321 996 $aCan women save Japan$92129414 997 $aUNINA