LEADER 05269nam 2200649 450 001 9910460325103321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-19-163967-2 035 $a(CKB)3710000000244213 035 $a(EBL)1802475 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001407712 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11727530 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001407712 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11411560 035 $a(PQKB)11605070 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1802475 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1802475 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10935440 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL650459 035 $a(OCoLC)891993973 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000244213 100 $a20141010h20142014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aCausality $ephilosophical theory meets scientific practice /$fPhyllis Illari, Federica Russo 210 1$aOxford, [England] :$cOxford University Press,$d2014. 210 4$dİ2014 215 $a1 online resource (325 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-322-19179-4 311 $a0-19-966267-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; Part I Prelude to Causality; 1 Problems of Causality in the Sciences; 1.1 Why this book on causality?; 1.2 Five scientific problems; 1.3 The contents of this book; 2 A Scientific Toolbox for Philosophy; 2.1 Methods for finding causes; 2.2 Observational methods; 2.3 Experimental methods; 2.4 Between observation and experiment; 2.5 Beyond observation and experiment; 2.6 How to make a study work; 3 A Philosophical Toolbox for Science; 3.1 Arguments; 3.2 Methods; 3.3 Levels of abstraction; Part II Causality: Accounts, Concepts and Methods 327 $a4 Necessary and Sufficient Components4.1 Examples: electrical short-circuit and AIDS; 4.2 Component causes; 4.3 INUS causes and related concepts; 4.4 Rothman''s pie charts; 5 Levels of Causation; 5.1 Examples: personalized medicine and migration behaviours; 5.2 Three parallel literatures; 5.3 Bridging the levels-and the terminology!; 6 Causality and Evidence; 6.1 Examples: effects of radiation and smoking causing heart disease; 6.2 What do we want to know?; 6.3 Evidence for causal relations; 6.4 Evidence-based approaches; 7 Causal Methods: Probing the Data 327 $a7.1 Examples: apoptosis and self-rated health7.2 The need for causal methods; 7.3 The most widespread causal methods; 7.4 Key notions in causal methods; 8 Difference-making: Probabilistic Causality; 8.1 Example: smoking and lung cancer; 8.2 Is causality probability-altering?; 8.3 Beyond probabilistic causes; 9 Difference-making: Counterfactuals; 9.1 Example: mesothelioma and safety at work; 9.2 The unbearable imprecision of counterfactual reasoning; 9.3 Philosophical views of counterfactuals; 9.4 Counterfactuals in other fields; 10 Difference -making: Manipulation and Invariance 327 $a10.1 Example: gene knock-out experiments10.2 The manipulationists: wiggle the cause, and the effect wiggles too; 10.3 What causes can''t we wiggle?; 11 Production Accounts: Processes; 11.1 Examples: billiard balls colliding and aeroplanes crossing; 11.2 Tracing processes; 11.3 How widely does the approach apply?; 12 Production Accounts: Mechanisms; 12.1 Example: how can smoking cause heart disease?; 12.2 What is a mechanism? The major mechanists; 12.3 Important features of mechanisms and mechanistic explanation; 12.4 What is not a mechanism?; 13 Production Accounts: Information 327 $a13.1 Examples: tracing transmission of waves and of disease13.2 The path to informational accounts; 13.3 Integrating the informational and mechanistic approaches; 13.4 Future prospects for an informational account of causality; 14 Capacities , Powers, Dispositions; 14.1 Examples: systems in physics and biology; 14.2 The core idea of capacities, powers and dispositions; 14.3 Capacities in science: explanation and evidence; 15 Regularity ; 15.1 Examples: natural and social regularities; 15.2 Causality as regular patterns; 15.3 Updating regularity for current science; 16 Variation 327 $a16.1 Example: mother''s education and child survival 330 $aHead hits cause brain damage - but not always. Should we ban sport to protect athletes? Exposure to electromagnetic fields is strongly associated with cancer development - does that mean exposure causes cancer? Should we encourage old fashioned communication instead of mobile phones to reduce cancer rates? According to popular wisdom, the Mediterranean diet keeps you healthy. Is this belief scientifically sound? Should public health bodies encourage consumption offresh fruit and vegetables? Severe financial constraints on research and public policy, media pressure, and public anxiety make such 606 $aScience$xPhilosophy 606 $aCausation 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aScience$xPhilosophy. 615 0$aCausation. 676 $a501 700 $aIllari$b Phyllis$0931173 702 $aRusso$b Federica 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910460325103321 996 $aCausality$92094801 997 $aUNINA