LEADER 04495nam 2200661 450 001 9910460165303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-61635-822-X 010 $a1-4983-7991-5 035 $a(CKB)3710000000373842 035 $a(EBL)1983706 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1983706 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1983706 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11027499 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL740893 035 $a(OCoLC)905985538 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000373842 100 $a20150317h20152015 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 00$aEnergy subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean $estocktaking and policy challenges /$fGabriel Di Bella [and five others] ; authorized for distribution by Adrienne Cheasty 210 1$a[Washington, District of Columbia] :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2015. 210 4$dİ2015 215 $a1 online resource (80 p.) 225 1 $aIMF Working Paper ;$vWP/15/30 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4843-6536-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Contents; Executive Summary; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Energy Subsidies: A Global Perspective (Percent of GDP); II. Taking Stock of Energy Subsidies in LAC countries; Tables; 1. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13); 2. Pre-tax Energy Subsidies (Percent of GDP, average 2011-13; 2. Energy Subsidies and Economic Size (Average 2011-13); A. Fuel Subsidies in LAC; 3. Fuel Subsidies and Energy Richness (Average 2011-13); 4.Gasoline and Diesel Prices Including Taxes; 3. Selected Fuel Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LAC; B. Electricity Subsidies in LAC 327 $a4. Selected Electricity Price Practices and Financing Regimes in LACIII. Policy Challenges for LAC Arising from Energy Subsidies; A. Fiscal Costs; 5. Electricity Subsidies and Measures of Electricity Performance (Average 2011-13); 6. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Deficits (Percent of GDP, Average 2011-13); B. Fiscal Transparency; 7. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Revenues (Average 2011-13); C. The Energy Value Chain, SOEs, and Competitiveness; 8. Gasoline and Diesel Prices Net of Taxes; D. External Vulnerabilities; 9. Current Account and Oil Trade Balances 327 $aE. Household Welfare and Income Distribution10. Energy Subsidies and Fiscal Spending (Average 2011-13); F. Environmental and other Negative Externalities; IV. How and When to Reform Subsidy Policy? Experience from LAC countries; 11. Fuel Taxation and Negative Externalities (Current Excise Minus Corrective Tax, US/Liter, 2010); A. How to Rationalize Subsidies?; B. When to Rationalize Subsidies?; Annexes; I: Country Groupings; II: Data Sources; III: A Summary of Energy Policies in LAC countries; Boxes; 1. Measuring Fuel Subsidies by the Price-Gap Approach; 2. Measuring Electricity Subsidies 327 $a3. Energy Subsidies and Country Characteristics4. The Petrocaribe Arrangement; References 330 $aThe oil price decline creates an opportunity to dismantle energy subsidies, which escalatedwith high oil prices. This paper assesses energy subsidies in Latin America and theCaribbean-about 1.8 percent of GDP in 2011-13 (approximately evenly split betweenfuel and electricity), and about 3.8 percent of GDP including negative externalities.Countries with poorer institutions subsidize more. Energy-rich countries subsidize fuelmore, but low-income countries are more likely to subsidize electricity, as are CentralAmerica and the Caribbean. Energy subsidies impose fiscal costs, hurting SOEs,competit 410 0$aIMF working paper ;$vWP/15/30. 606 $aNatural resources$zLatin America 606 $aEnergy industries$zLatin America 606 $aFiscal policy$zLatin America 606 $aGovernment business enterprises$zLatin America 606 $aNatural resources$zCaribbean Area 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aNatural resources 615 0$aEnergy industries 615 0$aFiscal policy 615 0$aGovernment business enterprises 615 0$aNatural resources 676 $a333.7098 702 $aDi Bella$b Gabriel 702 $aCheasty$b A. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910460165303321 996 $aEnergy subsidies in Latin America and the Caribbean$91987804 997 $aUNINA