LEADER 04528nam 2200697Ia 450 001 9910458205903321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-282-42217-0 010 $a9786612422171 010 $a0-8213-8143-1 035 $a(CKB)2560000000008040 035 $a(EBL)476188 035 $a(OCoLC)536293914 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000088586 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11972670 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000088586 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10081977 035 $a(PQKB)10584518 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC476188 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL476188 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10356794 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL242217 035 $a(EXLCZ)992560000000008040 100 $a20100115d2010 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aOptions to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas$b[electronic resource] /$fArturo Muente-Kunigami, Juan Navas-Sabater 210 $aWashington, D.C. $cWorld Bank$d2010 215 $a1 online resource (58 p.) 225 1 $aWorld Bank Working papers,$x1726-5878 ;$v178 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8213-8140-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aContents; Abstract; Acknowledgments; Foreword; Acronyms and Abbreviations; 1. Introduction; 2. First Things First: Allow Markets to Work Well; Figure 2.1. Level of Competition in Mobile Markets and Mobile Penetration, 2007; Table 2.1. Emerging Trends in Telecommunications Regulation; 3. An Ever-Changing Industry: Changes and Trends in Rural Telecommunications since the Early 1990's; Figure 3.1. Growth of Mobile Subscribers Globally; Box 3.1. Enabling Rural Areas with Broadband Coverage; Box 3.2. The Fiber Optic National Network in Kenya; 4. Rationale for Universal Access Policy Instruments 327 $aTable 4.1. Universal Access Instruments Table 4.2. Financial Support Mechanisms; 5. Assessing the Suitability of the Instruments; Table 5.1. Evaluation Criteria; Assessment Box 1. Asymmetric Interconnection; Box 5.1. Sharing the Risks to Increase Access in Tanzania; Assessment Box 2. Facilities Sharing and Open Access; Figure 3. Mobile Tariffs for Selected Operators (US per minute); Assessment Box 3. Flexible Use of Spectrum; Assessment Box 4. Licensing Local Operators; Table 5.2. Taxes on Mobile Services in African Countries; Assessment Box 5. Taxes and Import Duties 327 $aTable 5.3. Outcomes of Minimum Subsidy Auctions for New Public Rural Telephones Assessment Box 6. Reverse Auctions and OBA; Box 5.2. Financing for Small Local Operations; Assessment Box 7. Introduction of Bottom-Up Projects; Box 5.3. Government Demand Increases Broadband Coverage in Korea; Assessment Box 8. Institutional Demand Stimulation; Assessment Box 9. Licensing Obligations; Assessment Box 10. End-User Subsidies; Assessment Box 11. Access Deficit Charges; Table 5.4. Assessment of Mechanisms; 6. Implementation Arrangements; 7. Conclusion; Figure A.1. Market Gap and Access Gap Model 327 $aAppendix. The "Gaps" ModelReferences 330 $aTelecommunications sector policy-makers and regulators have a wide range of instruments available to them that can be used to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas. The paper provides a review of these instruments, evaluating them against a set of criteria. It then goes on to identify a number of them that are worthy of further consideration by policy-makers and regulators while demonstrating that the effectiveness of the identified instruments can be greatly enhanced by the establishment of a conducive legal, regulatory and institutional framework. 410 0$aWorld Bank working paper ;$v178. 606 $aTelecommunication policy 606 $aRural telecommunication 606 $aPoor 606 $aTelecommunication systems 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aTelecommunication policy. 615 0$aRural telecommunication. 615 0$aPoor. 615 0$aTelecommunication systems. 676 $a384/.043091734 700 $aMuente-Kunigami$b Arturo$0931488 701 $aNavas-Sabater$b Juan$f1968-$0572264 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910458205903321 996 $aOptions to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas$92095400 997 $aUNINA