LEADER 05525nam 2200685Ia 450 001 9910458113103321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-281-86755-1 010 $a9786611867553 010 $a1-86094-949-5 035 $a(CKB)1000000000401837 035 $a(EBL)1193441 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000292189 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12064756 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000292189 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10269149 035 $a(PQKB)11318809 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1193441 035 $a(WSP)0000P500 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1193441 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10698849 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL186755 035 $a(OCoLC)827945006 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000401837 100 $a20071011d2007 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aComparative physiology, natural animal models, and clinical medicine$b[electronic resource] $einsights into clinical medicine from animal adaptations /$fMichael A. Singer 210 $aLondon $cImperial College Press$dc2007 215 $a1 online resource (292 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-86094-782-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aAcknowledgements; Introduction; Chapter 1 Diabetes Mellitus; Introduction; Blood Glucose Values in Birds; Do Birds Suffer Adverse Consequences from a High Blood Glucose Concentration; Anatomic and Physiologic Design Features; Eye; Retinal nutrient supply; Retinal vascularization in mammals; Avian and mammalian retinal physiology and development; Diabetic retinopathy; Kidney; Kidney anatomy and function in birds and mammals; Diabetic nephropathy; (a) Renal glucose transporters; (b) Juxtaglomerular apparatus; Glycated hemoglobin; Concluding Remarks and Future Research; References 327 $aChapter 2 Chronic Renal FailureIntroduction; Metabolic Rate and Renal Function; Nitrogen and Urea Metabolism and Protein Turnover; Nitrogen and urea metabolism; Urea transport proteins; Protein turnover; Alterations in urea and protein metabolism in chronic renal failure; Additional Aspects of Renal Failure; Natural Animal Model; Bear and Small Mammal Hibernators; Concluding Remarks and Future Directions; References; Chapter 3 Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease; Introduction; Atherosclerosis in Mammals; Biology of the Arterial System: Implications for the Genesis of Atherosclerosis in Mammals 327 $aGenesis of Atherosclerotic LesionsNatural Animal Model: The Fish; Fish Coronary Circulation; Fish Coronary Artery Thickenings; Genesis of Fish Lesions; Biomechanical Factors in Fish; Dietary In.uences and Role of Cholesterol in Fish; Biology of the Vascular Smooth Muscle in Fish; Concluding Remarks: What Can We Learn From the Fish as a Natural Model?; References; Chapter 4 Disuse Osteoporosis and Disuse Muscle Atrophy; Disuse Osteoporosis; Bone biology; Parathyroid hormone (PTH); Vitamin D; Leptin; Mechanical stress; Disuse osteoporosis 327 $aNatural animal model: American black bear (Ursus americanus)Bone homeostasis in the bear: research questions; Disuse Muscle Atrophy; Maintenance of muscle mass; Protein degradation: mechanisms; Animal models; Studies in humans and small mammal hibernators; Humans; Small mammal hibernators; Natural animal model: the American black bear; The bear: a perspective; References; Chapter 5 Ammonia Toxicity; Ammonia Tolerance and Metabolism; Ammonia tolerance; Ammonia metabolism; Brain Ammonia Metabolism; Glutamatergic Neurons; General considerations (Purves et al., 2004) 327 $aGlutamate, a Neurotransmitter and the "Glutamate-Glutamine" CycleMechanism of Ammonia Neurotoxicity; Neuropathological effects; Effects on Brain Energy Metabolism; Effects on Glutamatergic Synapses; Ammonia and the Fish Central Nervous System; Role of glutamine; Glutamate; Brain energy metabolism; NMDA receptors; Summary; References; Chapter 6 Hypoxia/Ischemia; Cerebral Blood Flow: Its Regulation; Brain Energy Metabolism; Oxygen and Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation and the Brain; General features of neuronal response; Anoxia tolerant mammalian neurons; Neonatal brain; Dorsal vagal neurons 327 $aNeonatal neurons 330 $aThis book describes a novel and unique approach to the treatment of human diseases based on the study of natural animal models. A natural animal model is defined as an animal group or species that possesses a set of biochemical/physiological characteristics which are natural and adaptive for that animal, but are quite abnormal for humans. For example, how is it that birds can tolerate blood glucose concentrations which in humans are associated with diabetes. The natural animal model is living proof that a biological answer to this question is available. By studying natural animal models, we ca 606 $aDiseases$xAnimal models 606 $aPhysiology, Comparative 606 $aLaboratory animals 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aDiseases$xAnimal models. 615 0$aPhysiology, Comparative. 615 0$aLaboratory animals. 676 $a616.0076 676 $a616.0273 700 $aSinger$b Michael A$g(Michael Allan),$f1940-$0996605 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910458113103321 996 $aComparative physiology, natural animal models, and clinical medicine$92284996 997 $aUNINA