LEADER 03794nam 2200661 a 450 001 9910457886803321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-674-06315-5 024 7 $a10.4159/harvard.9780674063150 035 $a(CKB)2550000000081460 035 $a(OCoLC)773265344 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10522597 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000570950 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11364053 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000570950 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10611140 035 $a(PQKB)10807600 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3301032 035 $a(DE-B1597)178122 035 $a(OCoLC)979739984 035 $a(OCoLC)984686848 035 $a(OCoLC)987949090 035 $a(OCoLC)992472079 035 $a(OCoLC)999381777 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780674063150 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3301032 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10522597 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000081460 100 $a20110622d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aLong shot$b[electronic resource] $evaccines for national defense /$fKendall Hoyt 210 $aCambridge, Mass. $cHarvard University Press$d2012 215 $a1 online resource (315 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-674-06158-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aDisease, security, and vaccines -- Historical patterns of vaccine innovation -- Vaccine development during World War II -- Wartime legacies -- The end of an era -- Biodefense in the 21st century -- The search for sustainable solutions. 330 $aAt the turn of the twenty-first century, the United States contended with a state-run biological warfare program, bioterrorism, and a pandemic. Together, these threats spurred large-scale government demand for new vaccines, but few have materialized. A new anthrax vaccine has been a priority since the first Gulf War, but twenty years and a billion dollars later, the United States still does not have one. This failure is startling.Historically, the United States has excelled at responding to national health emergencies. World War II era programs developed ten new or improved vaccines, often in time to meet the objectives of particular military missions. Probing the history of vaccine development for factors that foster timely innovation, Kendall Hoyt discovered that vaccine innovation has been falling, not rising, since World War II. This finding is at odds with prevailing theories of market-based innovation and suggests that a collection of nonmarket factors drove mid-century innovation. Ironically, many late-twentieth-century developments that have been celebrated as a boon for innovation-the birth of a biotechnology industry and the rise of specialization and outsourcing-undercut the collaborative networks and research practices that drove successful vaccine projects in the past.Hoyt's timely investigation teaches important lessons for our efforts to rebuild twenty-first-century biodefense capabilities, especially when the financial payback for a particular vaccine is low, but the social returns are high. 606 $aVaccination$zUnited States 606 $aVaccines$xGovernment policy$zUnited States 606 $aBiological weapons$xSafety measures$xGovernment policy$zUnited States 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aVaccination 615 0$aVaccines$xGovernment policy 615 0$aBiological weapons$xSafety measures$xGovernment policy 676 $a614.4/7 700 $aHoyt$b Kendall$f1971-$01044321 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910457886803321 996 $aLong shot$92469906 997 $aUNINA