LEADER 05430nam 2200733Ia 450 001 9910457456203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-19-756312-0 010 $a1-283-42779-6 010 $a9786613427793 010 $a0-19-987747-5 035 $a(CKB)2550000000079550 035 $a(EBL)845954 035 $a(OCoLC)773827842 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000591855 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12264828 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000591855 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10728351 035 $a(PQKB)10440032 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC845954 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0002351221 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL845954 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10524889 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL342779 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000079550 100 $a20100615d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 04$aThe mechanisms of atmospheric oxidation of the oxygenates$b[electronic resource] /$fJack G. Calvert ... [et al.] 210 $aOxford ;$aNew York $cOxford University Press$dc2011 215 $a1 online resource (1634 p.) 225 1 $aOxford scholarship online 300 $aPreviously issued in print: 2011. 311 $a0-19-976707-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and indexes. 327 $aCover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; I: THE OXYGENATES: THEIR PROPERTIES, SOURCES, AND USE AS ALTERNATIVE FUELS; I-A: Roles of Oxygenates in Atmospheric Chemistry; I-B: Physical Properties of the Oxygenates; I-C: Sources of Oxygenates in the Troposphere; I-D: Ambient Concentrations of the Oxygenates in the Lower Troposphere; I-E: Use of Oxygenates as Fuels or Fuel Additives; I-F: Treatment of Kinetic Data and Estimation of Atmospheric Lifetimes of Oxygenates; II: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE ALCOHOLS; II-A: Introduction 327 $aII-B: Acyclic AlcoholsII-C: Diols; II-D: Unsaturated Alcohols; II-E: Aromatic Alcohols; II-F: Halogen-Substituted Alcohols; II-G: Hydroperoxides and Peroxides; III: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE ETHERS; III-A: Introduction; III-B: Acyclic Ethers; III-C: Multi-Functional Ethers; III-D: Unsaturated Ethers; III-E: Cyclic Ethers; III-F: Aromatic Ethers; III-G: Halogen-Substituted Ethers; III-H: Rate Coefficient Correlations and Structure-Activity Relationships (SARs); IV: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE ALDEHYDES 327 $aIV-A: IntroductionIV-B: Acyclic Aldehydes; IV-C: Hydroxyaldehydes; IV-E: Unsaturated Aldehydes; IV-F: Derived from Atmospheric Oxidation of the Aromatic and Biogenic Hydrocarbons; IV-G: Halogen-Substituted Aldehydes; V: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE KETONES; V-A: Introduction; V-B: Alkanones; V-C: Hydroxyketones; V-D: Diketones; V-E: Unsaturated Ketones; V-F: Cyclic Ketones; V-G: Ketones Derived from Biogenic Hydrocarbons; V-H: Halogen-Substituted Ketones; VI: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE ORGANIC ACIDS 327 $aVI-A: IntroductionVI-B: Acyclic Organic Acids; VI-C: Dibasic Organic Acids; VI-D: Unsaturated Organic Acids; VI-E: Keto-Acids; VI-F: Organic Acids Derived from Aromatic Compounds and from Terpenes; VI-G: Halogen-Substituted Organic Acids; VI-H: Acid Anhydrides; VII: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS OF ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE ESTERS; VII-A: Introduction; VII-B: Acyclic, Saturated Monofunctional Esters; VII-C: Difunctional Esters; VII-D: Cyclic Esters (Lactones); VII-E: Unsaturated Esters; VII-F: Aromatic Esters; VII-G: Carbonates; VII-H: Lactates; VII-I: Halogen-Substituted Esters 327 $aVIII: RATE COEFFICIENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OF THE N-ATOM-CONTAINING OXYGENATESVIII-A: Introduction; VIII-B: Amides; VIII-C: Amino Alcohols; VIII-D: Alkyl Nitrates; VIII-E: Saturated Dinitrates; VIII-F: Unsaturated Dinitrates; VIII-G: Hydroxyalkyl Nitrates; VIII-H: Carbonyl Nitrates; VIII-I: Alkyl Nitrites; VIII-J: Nitroalkanes; VIII-K: Nitroalkenes; VIII-L: Nitroaromatics and Nitroarenes; VIII-M: Peroxyacyl Nitrates; VIII-N: N,N-Dimethylnitrosamine and N,N-Dimethylnitramine; IX: MECHANISMS OF PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF THE SUNLIGHT-ABSORBING OXYGENATES; IX-A: Introduction 327 $aIX-B: Mechanisms of Photodecomposition of the Acyclic Aldehydes 330 8 $aPrepared by an international team of eminent atmospheric scientists, this text is an authoritative source of information on the role of oxygenates in the chemistry of the atmosphere. 410 0$aOxford scholarship online. 606 $aAtmospheric chemistry 606 $aOxidizing agents$xEnvironmental aspects 606 $aPhotochemical oxidants$xEnvironmental aspects 606 $aOxidation$xEnvironmental aspects 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aAtmospheric chemistry. 615 0$aOxidizing agents$xEnvironmental aspects. 615 0$aPhotochemical oxidants$xEnvironmental aspects. 615 0$aOxidation$xEnvironmental aspects. 676 $a551.51/1 701 $aCalvert$b Jack G$g(Jack George),$f1923-$016219 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910457456203321 996 $aThe mechanisms of atmospheric oxidation of the oxygenates$92058988 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05483nam 22006494a 450 001 9910830785603321 005 20170815111543.0 010 $a1-280-72221-5 010 $a9786610722211 010 $a0-470-30045-0 010 $a0-470-86735-3 010 $a0-470-86734-5 035 $a(CKB)1000000000356031 035 $a(EBL)281604 035 $a(OCoLC)476026849 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000131186 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11137213 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000131186 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10008104 035 $a(PQKB)11697310 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC281604 035 $a(PPN)223444766 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000356031 100 $a20060228d2006 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aCost optimization of structures$b[electronic resource] $efuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and parallel computing /$fHojjat Adeli, Kamal C. Sarma 210 $aChichester, England ;$aHoboken, NJ $cWiley$dc2006 215 $a1 online resource (223 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-470-86733-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [185]-199) and index. 327 $aCost Optimization of Structures; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; 1 Introduction; 1.1 The Case for Cost Optimization; 1.2 Cost Optimization of Concrete Structures; 1.2.1 Concrete Beams and Slabs; 1.2.2 Concrete Columns; 1.2.3 Concrete Frame Structures; 1.2.4 Bridge Structures; 1.2.5 Water Tanks; 1.2.6 Folded Plates and Shear Walls; 1.2.7 Concrete Pipes; 1.2.8 Concrete Tensile Members; 1.2.9 Cost Optimization Using the Reliability Theory; 1.2.10 Concluding Comments; 1.3 Cost Optimization of Steel Structures; 1.3.1 Deterministic Cost Optimization 327 $a1.3.2 Cost Optimization Using the Reliability Theory1.3.3 Fuzzy Optimization; 1.3.4 Concluding Comments; 2 Evolutionary Computing and the Genetic Algorithm; 2.1 Overview and Basic Operations; 2.2 Coding and Decoding; 2.3 Basic Operations in Genetic Algorithms; 2.4 GA with the Penalty Function Method; 2.4.1 Problem Formulation for Axial Force (Truss) Structures; 2.4.2 Genetic Algorithm with the Penalty Function Method; 2.5 Augmented Lagrangian Method; 2.6 GA with the Augmented Lagrangian Method; 2.6.1 Problem Formulation for Axial Force (Truss) Structures 327 $a2.6.2 Genetic Algorithm with the Augmented Lagrangian Method3 Cost Optimization of Composite Floors; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Minimum Cost Design of Composite Beams; 3.2.1 Cost Function; 3.2.2 Constraints; 3.2.3 Problem Formulation as a Mixed Integer-Discrete Nonlinear Programming Problem; 3.3 Solution by the Floating-Point Genetic Algorithm; 3.3.1 Binary Versus Floating-Point GA; 3.3.2 Crossover Operation for the Floating-Point GA; 3.3.3 Mutation Operation for the Floating-Point GA; 3.3.4 Floating-Point GA for Cost Optimization of Composite Floors; 3.4 Solution by the Neural Dynamics Method 327 $a3.5 Counter Propagation Neural (CPN) Network for Function Approximations3.6 Examples; 3.6.1 Example 1; 3.6.2 Example 2; 4 Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of Steel Structures; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Fuzzy Set Theory and Structural Optimization; 4.3 Minimum Weight Design of Axially Loaded Space Structures; 4.4 Fuzzy Membership Functions; 4.5 Fuzzy Augmented Lagrangian Genetic Algorithm; 4.6 Implementation and Examples; 4.6.1 Example 1; 4.6.2 Example 2; 4.7 Conclusion; 5 Fuzzy Discrete Multi-criteria Cost Optimization of Steel Structures; 5.1 Cost of a Steel Structure 327 $a5.2 Primary Contributing Factors to the Cost of a Steel Structure5.3 Fuzzy Discrete Multi-criteria Cost Optimization; 5.4 Membership Functions; 5.4.1 Membership Function for Minimum Cost; 5.4.2 Membership Function for Minimum Weight; 5.4.3 Membership Function for Minimum Number of Section Types; 5.5 Fuzzy Membership Functions for Criteria with Unequal Importance; 5.6 Pareto Optimality; 5.7 Selection of Commercially Available Discrete Shapes; 5.8 Implementation and a Parametric Study; 5.9 Application to High-Rise Steel Structures; 5.9.1 Example 1; 5.9.2 Example 2; 5.10 Concluding Comments 327 $a6 Parallel Computing 330 $aWhile the weight of a structure constitutes a significant part of the cost, a minimum weight design is not necessarily the minimum cost design. Little attention in structural optimization has been paid to the cost optimization problem, particularly of realistic three-dimensional structures. Cost optimization is becoming a priority in all civil engineering projects, and the concept of Life-Cycle Costing is penetrating design, manufacturing and construction organizations. In this groundbreaking book the authors present novel computational models for cost optimization of large scale, realistic 606 $aStructural optimization$xMathematics 606 $aSkyscrapers$xDesign and construction$xCost control 615 0$aStructural optimization$xMathematics. 615 0$aSkyscrapers$xDesign and construction$xCost control. 676 $a620.00450151 676 $a721/.042 700 $aAdeli$b Hojjat$f1950-$0784299 701 $aSarma$b Kamal C$g(Kamal Chandra),$f1955-$01691457 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830785603321 996 $aCost optimization of structures$94067817 997 $aUNINA