LEADER 05402nam 2200745 a 450 001 9910457206603321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-35947-2 010 $a9786613359476 010 $a90-272-8033-9 035 $a(CKB)2550000000072695 035 $a(EBL)805852 035 $a(OCoLC)769342246 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001101549 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11708165 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001101549 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11068289 035 $a(PQKB)10124299 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC805852 035 $a(PPN)183104676 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL805852 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10517120 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL335947 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000072695 100 $a19840502d1983 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aUnderstatements and hedges in English$b[electronic resource] /$fAxel Hu?bler 210 $aAmsterdam ;$aPhiladelphia $cJ. Benjamins$d1983 215 $a1 online resource (202 p.) 225 1 $aPragmatics & beyond,$x0166-6258 ;$v4:6 300 $aRevision and translation of thesis (Habilitation)--University of Duisburg, 1981. 311 $a90-272-2531-1 320 $aBibliography: p. [183]-192. 327 $aUNDERSTATEMENTSAND HEDGES IN ENGLISH; Editorial page; Title page; Table of contents; PREFACE; 0. INTRODUCTION; 1. GUIDELINES TO UNDERSTATEMENTS AND HEDGES; 1.1. The sentence and its negatability; 1.1.1. Projective character of sentences; 1.1.2. Negatability of sentences; 1.2. Liability constraints of the sentence; 1.2.1. Liability constraints and argumentation basis of the sentence; 1.2.2. Liability and indetermination; 1.2.3. Specification of the concept of indetermination; 1.3. Working definition and working perspective; 2. PHRASTIC INDETERMINATION AS A DEVICE FOR FORMING UNDERSTATEMENTS 327 $a2.1. Negation of predicates2.1.1. Negation; 2.1.1.1. Kinds of negation; 2.1.1.2. Semantics of negation; 2.1.2. Predicates; 2.1.2.1. Delimitations; 2.1.2.2. Scalability of adjectives; 2.1.2.3. Scalability of verbs and nouns; 2.1.3. Negative predications; 2.1.3.1. Affixal negation of predicates; 2.1.3.2. Free-morpheme negation of predicates; 2.1.4. Summary; 2.2. Detensification of predicates by grading adverbs; 2.2.1. Grading; 2.2.1.1. Grading and attributive modification; 2.2.1.2. Grading and modal modification; 2.2.1.3. Adverbs of degree 327 $a2.2.1.4. Classification of (detensifying) adverbs of degree2.2.1.5. Detensification of predicates; 2.2.1.6. Detensification and indetermination; 2.2.2. Relationship of detensified and categorical predicates; 2.2.2.1. Negativity and positivity; 2.2.2.2. Speaker's perspective; 2.2.2.3. Grammaticization and idiomaticity; 2.2.2.4. Antonymicity; 2.2.3. Summary; 3. NEUSTIC INDETERMINATION AS A DEVICE FOR FORMING HEDGES; 3.1. Factivity and modality; 3.2. Questions; 3.2.1. Question forms - assertion forms; 3.2.2. Declarative questions; 3.2.3. Biased questions and rhetorical questions 327 $a3.2.4. Tag q uestions3.2.5. Hedging function of questions; 3.3. Modalized assertory assertions; 3.3.1. General characterization; 3.3.2. Repertoire of modal expressions; 3.3.2.1. Parenthetical verbs; 3.3.2.2. Modal adverbs; 3.3.2.3. Modal verbs; 3.3.2.4. Synopsis of modal expressions; 3.3.3. Assertiveness of modal expressions; 3.4. Summary; 4. COMMUNICATIVE CONDITIONS FOR UNDERSTATEMENTS AND HEDGES; 4.1. Another look at negatability of sentences; 4.2. Communication as a possible threat to face; 4.3. Understatements and hedges as face saving strategies 327 $a4.4. Face threatening acts and face saving strategies exemplified by praise and criticism4.4.1. The socially expected norm as a criterion for praise and criticism; 4.4.2. Calculating the seriousness of the threat to face; 4.4.3. Calculating the effectiveness of face saving strategies; 4.4.4. Choosing face saving strategies; 4.4.5. Stylistic differences; 4.5. Summary; FOOTNOTES; REFERENCES 330 $aThe goal of this monograph is a comprehensive analysis of understatements and other forms of non-direct speech (hedges) in modern English. It is based on a multi-level approach, including philosophical, cultural, and socio-psychological arguments. The main part consists of an investigation of the linguistic restrictions for understatements and hedges to be formed by means of the following grammatical categories: negation of predicates, gradation of predicates, modalization of affirmative sentences by means of parenthetical verbs, modal adverbs, modal verbs, and questions. 410 0$aPragmatics & beyond ;$v4:6. 606 $aFigures of speech 606 $aUnderstatement 606 $aEnglish language$xSpoken English 606 $aNational characteristics, English 606 $aEnglish language$xSyntax 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aFigures of speech. 615 0$aUnderstatement. 615 0$aEnglish language$xSpoken English. 615 0$aNational characteristics, English. 615 0$aEnglish language$xSyntax. 676 $a420.1/9 676 $a420.19 700 $aHu?bler$b Axel$0251386 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910457206603321 996 $aUnderstatements and hedges in English$9634735 997 $aUNINA