LEADER 04297nam 22006134a 450 001 9910455039803321 005 20211012014952.0 010 $a0-231-50536-1 024 7 $a10.7312/khal12476 035 $a(CKB)111056485391272 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000122702 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11922723 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000122702 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10131509 035 $a(PQKB)10035840 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC909019 035 $a(DE-B1597)459000 035 $a(OCoLC)979720112 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780231505369 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL909019 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10183355 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL853743 035 $a(OCoLC)818856527 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111056485391272 100 $a20011127d2002 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aCivil and uncivil violence in Lebanon$b[electronic resource] $ea history of the internationalization of communal contact /$fSamir Khalaf 210 $aNew York $cColumbia University Press$d2002 215 $axxiv, 368 p 225 1 $aThe history and society of the modern Middle East 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 0 $a0-231-12477-5 311 0 $a0-231-12476-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 335-351) and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tPreface --$tAcknowledgment --$t1 On Proxy Wars and Surrogate Victims --$t2 The Radicalization of Communal Loyalties --$t3 The Drift into Incivility --$t4 Peasants, Commoners and Clerics Resistance and Rebellion: 1820-1860 --$t5 Civil Strife of 1958: Revolt and Counter Revolt --$t6 Lebanon's Golden/Gilded Age: 1943-1975 --$t7 From Playground to Battleground: Preludes to Civil Strife --$t8 Scares and Scars of War --$t9 From Shakib Efendi to Ta'if --$t10 Prospects For Civility --$tNotes --$tBibliography --$tIndex 330 $aIn this long-awaited work, Samir Khalaf analyzes the history of civil strife and political violence in Lebanon and reveals the inherent contradictions that have plagued that country and made it so vulnerable to both inter-Arab and superpower rivalries. How did a fairly peaceful and resourceful society, with an impressive history of viable pluralism, coexistence, and republicanism, become the site of so much barbarism and incivility? Khalaf argues that historically internal grievances have been magnified or deflected to become the source of international conflict. From the beginning, he shows, foreign interventions have consistently exacerbated internal problems. Lebanon's fragmented political culture is a byproduct of two general features. First, it reflects the traditional forces and political conflicts caused by striking differences in religious beliefs and communal and sectarian loyalties that continue to split the society and reinforce its factional character. Second, and superimposed on these, are new forms of socioeconomic and cultural stress caused by Lebanon's role in the continuing international conflicts in the region. Khalaf concludes that Lebanon is now at a crossroads in its process of political and social transformation, and proposes some strategies to re-create a vibrant civil and political culture that can accommodate profound transformations in the internal, domestic sphere as well as mediate developments taking place internationally. Throughout, Khalaf demonstrates how the internal and external currents must be considered simultaneously in order to understand the complex and tragic history of the country. This deeply considered and subtle analysis of the interplay of complex historical forces helps us to imagine a viable future not only for Lebanon but also for the Middle East as a whole. 410 0$aHistory and society of the modern Middle East series. 606 $aViolence$zLebanon$xHistory$y20th century 607 $aLebanon$xHistory$y20th century 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aViolence$xHistory 676 $a956.9204 700 $aKhalaf$b Samir$0647947 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910455039803321 996 $aCivil and uncivil violence in Lebanon$92479439 997 $aUNINA