LEADER 05315nam 22006611 450 001 9910453753303321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-4755-3252-0 010 $a1-4843-3916-9 010 $a1-4843-9379-1 035 $a(CKB)2550000001138430 035 $a(EBL)1587841 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001157475 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11643910 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001157475 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11208771 035 $a(PQKB)11238641 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1587841 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1587841 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10790028 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL538131 035 $a(OCoLC)867928036 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000001138430 100 $a20131125h20132013 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aEnergy subsidy reform $elessons and implications /$fBenedict Clements [and five others] 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d[2013] 210 4$dİ2013 215 $a1 online resource (197 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-4755-5811-2 311 $a1-306-06880-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover; Contents; Acknowledgments; Preface; 1 Introduction and Background; Figures; Figure 1.1 International Prices of Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas, 2006-12 (Indexed January 2000=100); 2 Defining and Measuring Energy Subsidies; Boxs; Box 2.1 Pretax and Posttax Consumer Subsidies; Box 2.2 Financing Fuel Subsidies in India; Figure 2.1 Pretax Energy Subsidies, 2007-11 (Billions of U.S. dollars); Figure 2.2 Pretax Energy Subsidies by Region, 2011; Figure 2.3 Pretax Petroleum Subsidies among Petroleum Importing and Exporting Countries, 2011 (Percent of GDP) 327 $aFigure 2.4 Adjustment of Energy Subsidies for Taxes and Externalities, 20113 Macroeconomic, Environmental, and Social Implications; Box 3.1 Electricity Subsidies and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa; Figure 3.1 Posttax Subsidies and Social Spending, 2010 (Percent of GDP); Box 3.2 Energy Subsidy Reform and Competitiveness; Figure 3.2 Distribution of Petroleum Product Subsidies by Income Groups (Percent of total product subsidies); 4 Reforming Energy Subsidies: Lessons from Experience; Tables; TABLE 4.1 Summary of Country Energy Subsidy Reform Episodes 327 $a5 Case Studies from the Sub-Saharan Africa Region TABLE 5.1 Ghana: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000-2011; Figure 5.1 Ghana: Fuel Price Developments, 2000-2012; TABLE 5.2 Namibia: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000-2011; Figure 5.2 Namibia: National Energy Fund and Slate Account, 1990-2011 (Millions of Namibian dollars); Figure 5.3 Namibia: Macroeconomic Developments and Fuel Subsidy Reform, 1990-2011; TABLE 5.3 Niger: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000-2011; Figure 5.4 Niger: Fuel Price Developments, 2005-11 (Central African francs per liter) 327 $aFigure 5.5 Niger: Macroeconomic Developments and Energy Subsidy Reforms, 2008-11 (Percent of GDP or rate)TABLE 5.4 Nigeria: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2003-11; Figure 5.6 Nigeria: International and Domestic Fuel Prices, 2006-11 (Difference between world price and domestic price); TABLE 5.5 Nigeria: Developments in Fuel Prices and Fuel Subsidies, 2006-12; Box 5.1 Nigeria: Rationale for Subsidy Removal; TABLE 5.6 South Africa: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 1993-2011; Figure 5.7 South Africa: Composition of Gasoline Pump Prices and Taxes, 2001-12 327 $aTABLE 5.7 Kenya: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 1995-2009 TABLE 5.8 Kenya: Key Power Sector Indicators, 1995-2009; Figure 5.8 Kenya: Hidden Costs in the Power Sector, 2001-8; TABLE 5.9 Uganda: Key Macroeconomic and Power Sector Indicators, 2005-10; TABLE 5.10 Uganda: Explicit Fiscal Subsidies for the Power Sector and the Cost of Thermal Generation, 2006-11; TABLE 5.11 Uganda: Quasi-Fiscal Deficit of the Power Sector, 2005-8 and 2009-11; 6 Case Studies from Emerging and Developing Asia; TABLE 6.1 Indonesia: Key Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000-2011 327 $aFigure 6.1 Indonesia: Macroeconomic Developments and Energy Subsidy Reforms, 1997- 2011 (Percent of GDP or rate) 330 $aEnergy subsidies have wide-ranging economic consequences. Although they are aimed at protecting consumers, subsidies aggravate fiscal imbalances, crowd out priority public spending, and depress private investment, including in the energy sector. Subsidies also distort resource allocation by encouraging excessive energy consumption, artificially promoting capital-intensive industries, reducing incentives for investment in renewable energy, and accelerating the depletion of natural resources. Most subsidy benefits are captured by higher-income households, reinforcing inequality. Even future gene 606 $aElectric utilities$xGovernment policy 606 $aEnergy policy$vCase studies 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aElectric utilities$xGovernment policy. 615 0$aEnergy policy 676 $a338.4/36626 701 $aClements$b Benedict$0122914 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910453753303321 996 $aEnergy subsidy reform$91909182 997 $aUNINA