LEADER 04490nam 22007575 450 001 9910452787703321 005 20190920094934.0 010 $a0-8014-6716-0 010 $a1-322-50461-X 010 $a0-8014-6717-9 024 7 $a10.7591/9780801467172 035 $a(CKB)2550000001038579 035 $a(OCoLC)828736634 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10649617 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000870364 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11497945 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000870364 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10818430 035 $a(PQKB)10932252 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3138425 035 $a(OCoLC)1132223981 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse58402 035 $a(DE-B1597)515049 035 $a(OCoLC)1083623142 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780801467172 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000001038579 100 $a20190920d2013 fg 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aFinal Solutions $eMass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century /$fBenjamin A. Valentino 210 1$aIthaca, NY : $cCornell University Press, $d[2013] 210 4$dİ2013 215 $a1 online resource (328 p.) 225 0 $aCornell Studies in Security Affairs 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-8014-3965-5 311 $a0-8014-7273-3 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [255]-309) and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tCONTENTS -- $tACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- $tIntroduction: Mass Killing in Historical and Theoretical Perspective -- $t1. Mass Killing and Genocide -- $t2. The Perpetrators and the Public -- $t3. The Strategic Logic of Mass Killing -- $t4. Communist Mass Killings: The Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia -- $t5. Ethnic Mass Killings: Turkish Armenia, Nazi Germany, and Rwanda -- $t6. Counterguerrilla Mass Killings: Guatemala and Afghanistan -- $tConclusion: Anticipating and Preventing Mass Killing -- $tNotes -- $tIndex 330 $aBenjamin A. Valentino finds that ethnic hatreds or discrimination, undemocratic systems of government, and dysfunctions in society play a much smaller role in mass killing and genocide than is commonly assumed. He shows that the impetus for mass killing usually originates from a relatively small group of powerful leaders and is often carried out without the active support of broader society. Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders' most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems.In order to capture the full scope of mass killing during the twentieth century, Valentino does not limit his analysis to violence directed against ethnic groups, or to the attempt to destroy victim groups as such, as do most previous studies of genocide. Rather, he defines mass killing broadly as the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants, using the criteria of 50,000 or more deaths within five years as a quantitative standard. Final Solutions focuses on three types of mass killing: communist mass killings like the ones carried out in the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia; ethnic genocides as in Armenia, Nazi Germany, and Rwanda; and "counter-guerrilla" campaigns including the brutal civil war in Guatemala and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Valentino closes the book by arguing that attempts to prevent mass killing should focus on disarming and removing from power the leaders and small groups responsible for instigating and organizing the killing. 606 $aIntervention (International law) 606 $aGenocide$xPrevention 606 $aCrimes against humanity$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aWar crimes$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aPolitical atrocities$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aMassacres$xHistory$y20th century 606 $aGenocide$xHistory$y20th century 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aIntervention (International law) 615 0$aGenocide$xPrevention. 615 0$aCrimes against humanity$xHistory 615 0$aWar crimes$xHistory 615 0$aPolitical atrocities$xHistory 615 0$aMassacres$xHistory 615 0$aGenocide$xHistory 676 $a364.15/1/0904 700 $aValentino$b Benjamin A., $0501135 801 0$bDE-B1597 801 1$bDE-B1597 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910452787703321 996 $aFinal solutions$9723581 997 $aUNINA