LEADER 05179nam 2200805 a 450 001 9910452701503321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-283-89828-4 010 $a0-8122-0766-1 024 7 $a10.9783/9780812207668 035 $a(CKB)2550000000707668 035 $a(OCoLC)843076377 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10642190 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000726901 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11434310 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000726901 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10684809 035 $a(PQKB)11340014 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3441855 035 $a(OCoLC)821733734 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse19130 035 $a(DE-B1597)449601 035 $a(OCoLC)979577218 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780812207668 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3441855 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10642190 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL421078 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000707668 100 $a20120131d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aIn the crossfire$b[electronic resource] $eMarcus Foster and the troubled history of American school reform /$fJohn P. Spencer 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aPhiladelphia $cUniversity of Pennsylvania Press$dc2012 215 $a1 online resource (313 p.) 225 0 $aPolitics and Culture in Modern America 225 0$aPolitics and culture in modern America 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-8122-2325-X 311 $a0-8122-4435-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [245]-291) and index. 327 $aSchooling as social reform: racial uplift, liberalism, and the making of a black educator -- Combating cultural deprivation: urban educators and the war on poverty -- Victims, not hoodlums: urban schools and the crisis of liberalism -- Black power, "people power": holding schools accountable for black achievement -- Beyond community control: accountability and achievement in the Oakland public schools -- Epilogue: legacies of the 1960s in American school reform. 330 $aAs media reports declare crisis after crisis in public education, Americans find themselves hotly debating educational inequalities that seem to violate their nation's ideals. Why does success in school track so closely with race and socioeconomic status? How to end these apparent achievement gaps? In the Crossfire brings historical perspective to these debates by tracing the life and work of Marcus Foster, an African American educator who struggled to reform urban schools in the 1960's and early 1970's.As a teacher, principal, and superintendent-first in his native Philadelphia and eventually in Oakland, California-Foster made success stories of urban schools and children whom others had dismissed as hopeless, only to be assassinated in 1973 by the previously unknown Symbionese Liberation Army in a bizarre protest against an allegedly racist school system. Foster's story encapsulates larger social changes in the decades after World War II: the great black migration from South to North, the civil rights movement, the decline of American cities, and the ever-increasing emphasis on education as a ticket to success. Well before the accountability agenda of the No Child Left Behind Act or the rise of charter schools, Americans came into sharp conflict over urban educational failure, with some blaming the schools and others pointing to conditions in homes and neighborhoods. By focusing on an educator who worked in the trenches and had a reputation for bridging divisions, In the Crossfire sheds new light on the continuing ideological debates over race, poverty, and achievement. Foster charted a course between the extremes of demanding too little and expecting too much of schools as agents of opportunity in America. He called for accountability not only from educators but also from families, taxpayers, and political and economic institutions. His effort to mobilize multiple constituencies was a key to his success-and a lesson for educators and policymakers who would take aim at achievement gaps without addressing the full range of school and nonschool factors that create them. 410 0$aPolitics and culture in modern America. 606 $aAfrican Americans$xEducation 606 $aEducational change$zUnited States 606 $aAfrican American school principals$zPennsylvania$zPhiladelphia 606 $aAfrican American school superintendents$zCalifornia$zOakland 606 $aUrban schools$zPennsylvania$zPhiladelphia 606 $aUrban schools$zCalifornia$zOakland 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aAfrican Americans$xEducation. 615 0$aEducational change 615 0$aAfrican American school principals 615 0$aAfrican American school superintendents 615 0$aUrban schools 615 0$aUrban schools 676 $a370.92 676 $aB 700 $aSpencer$b John Palmer$01048765 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910452701503321 996 $aIn the crossfire$92477246 997 $aUNINA