LEADER 06828oam 2200733I 450 001 9910452533703321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a0-203-07748-2 010 $a1-283-89453-X 010 $a1-135-13204-6 024 7 $a10.4324/9780203077481 035 $a(CKB)2550000000710883 035 $a(EBL)1101430 035 $a(OCoLC)823389787 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000787246 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)12342780 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000787246 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10815372 035 $a(PQKB)10709009 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1101430 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1101430 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10640560 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL420703 035 $a(OCoLC)847597855 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000710883 100 $a20180706d2013 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aThreats of force $einternational law and strategy /$fFrancis Grimal 210 1$aAbingdon, Oxon [U.K.] ;$aNew York :$cRoutledge,$d2013. 215 $a1 online resource (241 p.) 225 1 $aRoutledge research in international law 225 0$aRoutledge research in international law 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a1-138-84339-3 311 $a0-415-60985-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover; Threats of Force: International Law and Strategy; Copyright; Contents; Figures; Foreword; Preface; Table of Cases; Table of International Treaties and Conventions; Introduction; 1 Threats of Force: International Law and Strategy; 2 An Introductory Definition; 3 Chapter Outline; 1. Historical Analysis; 1 1648-1900; 1.1 Westphalia; 1.2 Ad Hoc Treaties: Barbary Treaty and the Treaty of Peace and Amity; 2 1900-1919: Hague Regulations, Treaty of Versailles and the Covenant of the League of Nations; 2.1 Hague Regulations 1907; 2.2 Treaty of Versailles; 2.3 Covenant of the League of Nations 327 $a3 Inter-War Years3.1 Article 11 Enforcement; 3.2 International Instruments in the Inter-War Period; 4 Judgments of International Military Tribunals; 5 Conclusion; 2. International Instruments Post-Charter; 1 Article 2(4) Within the Overall Context of the Un Charter; 2 Deconstruction of Article 2(4); 2.1 A Threat Against Territorial Integrity or Political Independence; 2.2 Scale; 2.3 Legal Test; 2.4 Exceptions to the Prohibition; 2.5 Interpretation; 2.6 What Constitutes a Threat?; 3 Threat Categorisation; 3.1 Verbal Threat; 3.2 Defensive Treaty; 3.3 Series of Communications 327 $a3.4 Military Manoeuvres3.5 Context?; 3.6 Indirect Threat; 4 Threat Perception; 4.1 Customary Status?; 5 1970 Declaration on the Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States; 6 1987 Declaration on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Principle of Refraining from the Threat or Use of Force in International Relations; 7 Conclusion; 3. Judicial Interpretation; 1 The Corfu Channel Case; 1.1 October 22, 1946; 1.2 November 12/13, 1946; 2 The Nicaragua Case; 3 Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion; 4 Trident Cases; 5 Lord Advocate's Reference No. 1 327 $a6 Oil Platforms Case7 Guyana and Suriname; 8 Conclusion; 4. Un Interpretation; 1 The General Assembly; 1.1 Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia V. Greece; 1.2 Palestine; 1.3 China V. Ussr; 1.4 More General Declarations and References; 2 Nuclear Weapons; 2.1 The Protection of Non-Nuclear Weapon States; 2.2 Follow-Up to the ICJ's Advisory Opinion; 3 The Security Council; 3.1 Legal Status; 3.2 Turkish Invasion of Northern Cyprus; 3.3 South Africa; 3.4 Iraq; 4 Un Secretary General; 4.1 Legal Basis; 4.2 An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping 327 $a4.3 The High Level Panel Report5 Conclusion; 5. Threat Theory; 1 Strategy and Deterrence; 1.1 The Credo: Capability, Credibility, Communication and Commitment; 1.2 Deterrence V. Compellence; 2 Hegemonic International Law; 2.1 Definition and Structure; 3 Customary International Law; 3.1 State Practice (Actual Practice); 3.2 Opinio Juris; 4 Just War Theory; 5 Theoretical Perspectives; 6 Conclusion; 6. Nuclear Proliferation - A Threat of Force?; 1 Non-Proliferation Treaty; 2 Iran; 3 North Korea; 4 Conclusion; 7. An Alternative Means of Prohibiting Threats of Force Within Article 2(4) 327 $a1 Weaknesses of Article 2(4) 330 $a"Despite recent attempts by scholars to examine the absolute prohibition of threats of force under Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, threats remain a largely un-chartered area in international law when compared with actual uses of force. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on the works of strategic literature and international relations theory, this book examines the theoretical nature behind a threat of force in order to inform and explain why and how the normative structure operates in the way it does. The core of the book addresses whether Article 2(4) is adequately suited to the current international climate and, if not, whether an alternative means of rethinking Article 2(4) would provide a better solution. Francis Grimal also addresses two other fundamental issues within the realm of threats of force that remain largely unexplored in present literature. Firstly, the interrelationship between threats of force and self-defence, would a state have to suffer an armed attack before threatening force in self-defence or could it threaten force pre-emptively? Can a state lawfully use a threat of force as a means of self-defence rather than force under the present Charter system? Finally, the book explores the point at which a state pursuing nuclear capabilities may breach Article 2(4) with particular reference to both North Korean and Iranian efforts to pursue nuclear technology.This topical book will be of great interest not only to scholars and postgraduates in international law but also to academics and students across several fields due to its interdisciplinary approach including strategic studies and international relations theories."--$cProvided by publisher. 410 0$aRoutledge Research in International Law 606 $aUltimatums (International relations) 606 $aAggression (International law) 606 $aPacific settlement of international disputes 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aUltimatums (International relations) 615 0$aAggression (International law) 615 0$aPacific settlement of international disputes. 676 $a341.5/8 700 $aGrimal$b Francis.$0945571 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910452533703321 996 $aThreats of force$92135340 997 $aUNINA