LEADER 05742nam 2200697 a 450 001 9910452334403321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-282-09730-X 010 $a9786612097300 010 $a0-262-27726-3 010 $a1-4294-6563-8 035 $a(CKB)1000000000472551 035 $a(EBL)3338529 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000198983 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11183487 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000198983 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10184612 035 $a(PQKB)11420231 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3338529 035 $a(OCoLC)123175886$z(OCoLC)232160087$z(OCoLC)439743014$z(OCoLC)475405355$z(OCoLC)475660130$z(OCoLC)648224384$z(OCoLC)651932988$z(OCoLC)743198172$z(OCoLC)815776393$z(OCoLC)961533382$z(OCoLC)962660051$z(OCoLC)966202740$z(OCoLC)988511917$z(OCoLC)991983286$z(OCoLC)992024610$z(OCoLC)994898473$z(OCoLC)1037917554$z(OCoLC)1038621152$z(OCoLC)1055379573$z(OCoLC)1062888495$z(OCoLC)1064116197$z(OCoLC)1081258308 035 $a(OCoLC-P)123175886 035 $a(MaCbMITP)4474 035 $a(PPN)156422689 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3338529 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10173585 035 $a(OCoLC)123175886 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000472551 100 $a20061121d2007 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aMaterials in eighteenth-century science$b[electronic resource] $ea historical ontology /$fUrsula Klein and Wolfgang Lefe?vre 210 $aCambridge, Mass. $cMIT Press$dc2007 215 $a1 online resource (357 p.) 225 1 $aTransformations 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-262-11306-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [307]-325) and indexes. 327 $aList of Figures; Introduction; Part I - Materials in Eighteenth-Century Science Contexts and Practices; Introduction to Part I; 1 - Commodities and Natural Objects; 2 - Practices of Studying Materials in Eighteenth-Century Chemistry; 3 - Why Study Classification?; Part II - A World of Pure Chemical Substances; Introduction to Part II; 4 - 1787: A New Nomenclature; 5-The Tableau de la Nomenclature Chimique; 6 - Classifying According to Chemical Composition; 7 - Simple Substances and Paradigmatic Syntheses; 8 - Operations with Pure Chemical Substances 327 $a9 - Classification of Pure Chemical Substances before 1787 10 - A Revolutionary Table?; Part III - A Different World: Plant Materials; Introduction to Part III; 11 - Diverse Orders of Plant Materials; 12 - Ultimate Principles of Plants: Plant Analysis prior to 1750; 13 - The Epistemic Elevation of Vegetable Commodities; 14 - The Failure of Lavoisier's Plant Chemistry; 15 - Uncertainties; 16 - A Novel Mode of Classifying Organic Substances and an Ontological Shift around 1830; Conclusion: Multidimensional Objects and Materiality; References; Name Index; Subject Index 330 $aA history of raw materials and chemical substances from the late seventeenth to the early nineteenth centuries that scrutinizes the modes of identification and classification used by chemists and learned practitioners of the period, examining the ways in which their practices and understanding of the material objects changed. In the eighteenth century, chemistry was the science of materials. Chemists treated mundane raw materials and chemical substances as multidimensional objects of inquiry that could be investigated in both practical and theoretical contexts--as useful commodities, perceptible objects of nature, and entities with hidden and imperceptible features. In this history of materials, Ursula Klein and Wolfgang Lefevre link chemical science with chemical technology, challenging our current understandings of objects in the history of science and the distinction between scientific and technological objects. They further show that chemists' experimental production and understanding of materials changed over time, first in the decades around 1700 and then around 1830, when mundane materials became clearly distinguished from true chemical substances. The authors approach their subject by scrutinizing the modes of identification and classification used by chemists and learned practitioners of the period. They find that chemists' classificatory practices especially were strikingly diverse. In scientific investigations, materials were classified either according to chemical composition or according to provenance and perceptible qualities. The authors further argue that chemists did not live in different worlds of materials before and after the Lavoisierian chemical revolution of the late eighteenth century. Their two main studies first explore the long tradition that informed Lavoisier's new nomenclature and method of classifying pure chemical substances and then describe the continuing classification of plant materials according to a pre-Lavoisierian scheme of provenance and perceptible qualities even after the chemical revolution, until a new mode of classification was accepted in the 1830's. 410 0$aTransformations (M.I.T. Press) 606 $aChemistry$xHistory$y18th century 606 $aOntology$xHistory$y18th century 606 $aClassification of sciences 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aChemistry$xHistory 615 0$aOntology$xHistory 615 0$aClassification of sciences. 676 $a540.9/033 700 $aKlein$b Ursula$f1952-$061355 701 $aLefe?vre$b Wolfgang$f1941-$044371 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910452334403321 996 $aMaterials in eighteenth-century science$92444877 997 $aUNINA LEADER 01277nam 2200337 n 450 001 996383713303316 005 20221108002104.0 035 $a(CKB)1000000000584347 035 $a(EEBO)2240929208 035 $a(UnM)99853767 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000584347 100 $a19920701d1629 uy | 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurbn||||a|bb| 200 04$aThe true Church$b[electronic resource] $eshewed to all men, that desire to be members of the same. In six bookes. Containing the whole bodie of diuinitie. The contents whereof are set downe after the epistles. By Gr. Williams Dr. of Diuinitie 210 $aLondon $cPrinted by Iohn Hauiland for Nathaniel Butter, and are to be sold at his shop at the signe of the pide Bull neere Saint Austens Gate$d1629 215 $a[10], 933, [25] p 300 $aIncludes index. 300 $aReproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery. 330 $aeebo-0113 606 $aChurch$vEarly works to 1800 615 0$aChurch 700 $aWilliams$b Gryffith$f1589?-1672.$01002562 801 0$bCu-RivES 801 1$bCu-RivES 801 2$bCStRLIN 801 2$bWaOLN 906 $aBOOK 912 $a996383713303316 996 $aThe true Church$92384991 997 $aUNISA