LEADER 04430nam 22006135 450 001 9910409997803321 005 20200813132730.0 010 $a3-030-44270-5 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-030-44270-5 035 $a(CKB)4100000011231728 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6192792 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-030-44270-5 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011231728 100 $a20200508d2020 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aEvidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science /$fby John Alexander Pinkston 205 $a1st ed. 2020. 210 1$aCham :$cSpringer International Publishing :$cImprint: Springer,$d2020. 215 $a1 online resource (xiii, 152 pages) 225 1 $aSynthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science,$x0166-6991 ;$v426 300 $aIncludes index. 311 $a3-030-44269-1 327 $a1. Introduction -- 2. Theories of Confirmation in which Hypotheses do not have Probabilities -- 3. Theories of Confirmation in which Hypotheses have Probabilities, and Inference to the Best Explanation -- 4. Confirmation of Hypotheses in Clinical Medical Science -- 5. A Weight of Evidence Account -- 6. The Weight of Evidence Account Defended -- 7. Justification for the Hierarchical Pyramid of Evidence-Based Medicine and a Defense of Randomization -- 8. Ethics and Evidence: Is Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials Necessary to Firmly Establish a New Therapy? -- Index. 330 $aIn this book, the author argues that no current philosophical theory of evidence in clinical medical science is adequate. None can accurately explain the way evidence is gathered and used to confirm hypotheses. To correct this, he proposes a new approach called the weight of evidence account. This innovative method supplies a satisfactory explanation and rationale for the ?hierarchical pyramid? of evidence?based medicine, with randomized clinical trials and their derivatives, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials at the top and case reports, case series, expert opinion, and the like at the bottom. The author illustrates the development of various ?levels? of evidence by considering the evolution of less invasive surgical treatments for early breast cancer. He shows that the weight of evidence account explains the notion of levels of evidence and other efforts to rank them. In addition, he presents a defense of randomization as a method to maximize accuracy in the conduct of clinical trials. The title also considers ethical issues surrounding experimentation with medical therapies in human subjects. It illustrates and discusses these issues in studies of respiratory therapies in neonates and treatment for certain cancers in adults. The author shows that in many cases sufficient evidence can be accrued to warrant generally accepted new therapies without the need for evidence derived from randomized clinical trials. 410 0$aSynthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science,$x0166-6991 ;$v426 606 $aMedicine?Philosophy 606 $aResearch?Moral and ethical aspects 606 $aMedical ethics 606 $aCancer$xResearch 606 $aPhilosophy of Medicine$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/E34030 606 $aResearch Ethics$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/E14040 606 $aTheory of Medicine/Bioethics$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/H66000 606 $aCancer Research$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/B11001 615 0$aMedicine?Philosophy. 615 0$aResearch?Moral and ethical aspects. 615 0$aMedical ethics. 615 0$aCancer$xResearch. 615 14$aPhilosophy of Medicine. 615 24$aResearch Ethics. 615 24$aTheory of Medicine/Bioethics. 615 24$aCancer Research. 676 $a610.1 700 $aPinkston$b John Alexander$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$0928055 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910409997803321 996 $aEvidence and Hypothesis in Clinical Medical Science$92085041 997 $aUNINA