LEADER 05156nam 22006615 450 001 9910407732003321 005 20200702012710.0 010 $a3-030-44472-4 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-030-44472-3 035 $a(CKB)4100000011325560 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6245729 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-030-44472-3 035 $a(PPN)248597957 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000011325560 100 $a20200630d2020 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aCoal?A Window to Past Climate and Vegetation /$fby Miryam Glikson-Simpson 205 $a1st ed. 2020. 210 1$aCham :$cSpringer International Publishing :$cImprint: Springer,$d2020. 215 $a1 online resource (149 pages) 311 $a3-030-44471-6 327 $aChapter 1. General review of Permian -- Chapter 2. Systematic description -- Chapter 3. The Microfloral Assemblages; their Environmental and Climatic Interpretation -- Chapter 4. Spontaneous Combustion of Gondwana Coals. 330 $aThis book focuses on the Permian time slice in the geological history of Gondwana, which includes Australia, India, South Africa, Antarctica and South America. Coal is an organic rock, the product of compressed and ?cooked? plants. The exact formation of coal via physicochemical reactions, burial and subsidence is the subject of numerous books. The vast thick coal deposits characterising Gondwana formed from special kind of trees termed the Glossopteris Flora. These trees shed their leaves in winter and with the rest of their remains decayed and through subsidence and burial formed the coal. Pollen preserved from these plant communities has been concentrated and isolated and is the focus of this book. The first plant communities as can be seen from the pollen graphs in this book were impoverished in species. The Permian era started with a very cold climate and as the climate warmed more and more diverse vegetation took hold. The emergence of different forms of pollen at certain times in the Permian is used as an indicator of climatic change. Furthermore, the predominance of algal spores in some samples and lack of representation by pollen of Glossopteris point to significant changes in the climate which led to the disappearance of their pollen and the accumulation of spores representing algal communities. These climate induced changes are noticed in their completed transformation after a long time span; small changes are evident during a lifetime of Earth?s inhabitants. Today, in our lifetime, we can see and witness the drying of many lakes across the Earth and their total disappearance from maps of only 50 years ago is a testimony to a climatic change taking place. The time of a ?complete? change in the Permian is possible to calculate. However, to determine the duration and maximum change in the climate of the earth today is impossible due to the apparent acceleration of the process by industrial activities of our species. Chapter 4 in the book deals with the special characteristics of the Permian coals of Gondwana and the special plant community which made them. The composition of these coals on a microscopic level shows them to be rich in hydrocarbons, more than other coals. The Permian coals of India and Australia generate ?heavy? oil which is retained within the coal matrix as bitumen and is a potential source of methane. This chapter demonstrates through a pilot study the potential for explosion in the Permian Gondwana coals through their propensity to spontaneous combustion and methane generation. 606 $aNatural resources 606 $aFossil fuels 606 $aClimatic changes 606 $aPlant ecology 606 $aEnvironmental geology 606 $aEnvironmental geology 606 $aNatural Resources$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/U39000 606 $aFossil Fuels (incl. Carbon Capture)$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/114000 606 $aClimate Change$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/U12007 606 $aPlant Ecology$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/L19112 606 $aGeoecology/Natural Processes$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/U21006 615 0$aNatural resources. 615 0$aFossil fuels. 615 0$aClimatic changes. 615 0$aPlant ecology. 615 0$aEnvironmental geology. 615 0$aEnvironmental geology. 615 14$aNatural Resources. 615 24$aFossil Fuels (incl. Carbon Capture). 615 24$aClimate Change. 615 24$aPlant Ecology. 615 24$aGeoecology/Natural Processes. 676 $a662.62 700 $aGlikson-Simpson$b Miryam$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$0947689 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910407732003321 996 $aCoal?A Window to Past Climate and Vegetation$92141298 997 $aUNINA