LEADER 03998nam 2200433z- 450 001 9910346754403321 005 20210212 035 $a(CKB)4920000000094170 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/60150 035 $a(oapen)doab60150 035 $a(EXLCZ)994920000000094170 100 $a20202102d2019 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aStructure and Function of Chloroplasts 210 $cFrontiers Media SA$d2019 215 $a1 online resource (279 p.) 225 1 $aFrontiers Research Topics 311 08$a2-88945-713-3 330 $aChloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. By doing so, they sustain life on Earth. Chloroplasts also provide diverse metabolic activities for plant cells, including the synthesis of fatty acids, membrane lipids, isoprenoids, tetrapyrroles, starch, and hormones. The biogenesis, morphogenesis, protection and senescence of chloroplasts are essential for maintaining a proper structure and function of chloroplasts, which will be the theme of this Research Topic. Chloroplasts are enclosed by an envelope of two membranes which encompass a third complex membrane system, the thylakoids, including grana and lamellae. In addition, starch grains, plastoglobules, stromules, eyespots, pyrenoids, etc. are also important structures of chloroplasts. It is widely accepted that chloroplasts evolved from a free-living photosynthetic cyanobacterium, which was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts retain a minimal genome, most of the chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and the gene products are transported into the chloroplast through complex import machinery. The coordination of nuclear and plastid genome expressions establishes the framework of both anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways. As the leaf develops from the shoot apical meristem, proplastids and etioplastids differentiate into chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are divided by a huge protein complex, also called the plastid-dividing (PD) machinery, and their division is also regulated by many factors to get an optimized number and size of chloroplasts in the cell. These processes are fundamental for the biogenesis and three-dimensional dynamic structure of chloroplasts. During the photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other cellular signals can be made. As an important metabolic hub of the plant cell, the chloroplast health has been found critical for a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, high light, cold, heat, oxidative stresses, phosphate deprivation, and programmed cell death at sites of infection. Therefore, a better understanding the responses of chloroplasts to these stresses is part of knowing how the plant itself responds. Ultimately, this knowledge will be necessary to engineer crops more resistant to common stresses. With the current global environment changes, world population growth, and the pivotal role of chloroplasts in carbon metabolism, it is of great significance to represent the advancement in this field, for science and society. Tremendous progresses have been made in the field of chloroplast biology in recent years. Through concerted efforts from the community, greater discoveries definitely will emerge in the future. 606 $aBotany & plant sciences$2bicssc 610 $achloroplast 610 $adevelopment 610 $aenvelope 610 $aLipid 610 $aPhotosynthesis 610 $athylakoid 615 7$aBotany & plant sciences 700 $aFei Yu$4auth$01279437 702 $aRebecca L. Roston$4auth 702 $aJuliette Jouhet$4auth 702 $aHongbo Gao$4auth 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910346754403321 996 $aStructure and Function of Chloroplasts$93015376 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04502oam 2200781zu 450 001 9910140139403321 005 20250709215637.0 010 $a9782709917766 010 $a2709917769 024 7 $a10.4000/books.irdeditions.5173 035 $a(CKB)2560000000351853 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001539843 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11902531 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001539843 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11531929 035 $a(PQKB)10012838 035 $a(WaSeSS)IndRDA00043850 035 $a(FrMaCLE)OB-irdeditions-5173 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/41733 035 $a(PPN)267949235 035 $a(FR-PaCSA)88876467 035 $a(FRCYB88876467)88876467 035 $a(oapen)doab41733 035 $a(EXLCZ)992560000000351853 100 $a20241012d2014 u| | 101 0 $afre 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aAvenir du fleuve Niger 210 $cIRD Éditions$d2007 210 31$a[Place of publication not identified]$cIRD Éditions$d2007 215 $a1 online resource (454 pages) 225 1 $aCollection Expertise colle?giale 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 08$a9782709916325 311 08$a2709916320 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 330 $aLe fleuve Niger constitue un véritable poumon humide pour l?Afrique de l?Ouest et plus spécialement pour la république du Mali. Dans ce pays, la gestion du fleuve constitue un enjeu majeur car on y trouve à la fois de remarquables systèmes de production traditionnels associés au phénomène naturel de crue ? sources de moyens d?existence pour des centaines de milliers de personnes ? mais aussi de grandes réalisations et promesses en matière d?aménagements modernes, hydroélectriques et hydroagricoles. À l?heure où de nouveaux projets d?équipement arrivent à concrétisation et où d?autres sont annoncés, il est important de faire le point sur l?état de santé de ce fleuve et de peser ce qu?il représente pour ses multiples usagers. Cette expertise collégiale, conduite par l?IRD et l?IER et réalisée avec le soutien de plusieurs institutions d?aide au développement et de défense de l?environnement, traite de ces différents aspects avec pour objectif, d?une part, la clarification des cadres institutionnels et des options de politiques publiques et, d?autre part, le renforcement des outils de suivi et d?aide à la décision. The Niger river is truly the main source of life for Western Africa, more specifically for the Republic of Mali. In the country, management of the river is a key topic, as one can find at the same time remarkable traditional production systems associated with the floods which supply hundreds thousands of people ? but also great projects which promise modern installations, hydroelectrical and hydroagricultural systems. As new projects come to their end and others begin, it seems important to make a point regarding the health of the river and to evaluate what it represents for its diverse users, civil society or for the economy of Mali. This is the aim of this expert group review, led by the IRD and the IER, with the support of different development and nature protection institutes. Complementarities as well as oppositions that appear from the interactions? 410 0$aExpertise colle?giale. 517 1 $aNiger River's future 606 $aCivil & Environmental Engineering$2HILCC 606 $aEngineering & Applied Sciences$2HILCC 606 $aEnvironmental Engineering$2HILCC 607 $aNiger River$xEconomic conditions 607 $aNiger River Valley$xEconomic conditions 610 $aaménagement hydroélectrique 610 $aécosystème 610 $airrigation 610 $aNiger cours d?eau 610 $aaménagement hydroagricole 610 $aMali 610 $aexploitation des ressources naturelles 610 $aeau 610 $abassin versant 615 7$aCivil & Environmental Engineering 615 7$aEngineering & Applied Sciences 615 7$aEnvironmental Engineering 700 $aJérome Marie$4auth$01356413 702 $aMorand$b Pierre 702 $aMarie$b Jérôme 702 $aN'Djim$b Hamady 801 0$bPQKB 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910140139403321 996 $aAvenir du fleuve Niger$93360931 997 $aUNINA