LEADER 04975nam 22012493a 450 001 9910346678303321 005 20250203235435.0 010 $a9783038977315 010 $a3038977314 024 8 $a10.3390/books978-3-03897-731-5 035 $a(CKB)4920000000094884 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/49115 035 $a(ScCtBLL)3aec00c3-b4fc-44d2-8680-ab415483ddd4 035 $a(OCoLC)1126098842 035 $a(oapen)doab49115 035 $a(EXLCZ)994920000000094884 100 $a20250203i20192019 uu 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aHardwood Reforestation and Restoration$fDaniel Gagnon, Benoit Truax 210 $cMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute$d2019 210 1$aBasel, Switzerland :$cMDPI,$d2019. 215 $a1 electronic resource (192 p.) 311 08$a9783038977308 311 08$a3038977306 330 $aHardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation. 606 $aBiology, life sciences$2bicssc 610 $aFagaceae species 610 $asoil disturbance 610 $anon-timber forest products 610 $aprecision restoration 610 $aprotected landscape area 610 $atree selection 610 $acultural diversity 610 $aQuercus rubra 610 $ahardwood restoration 610 $aenrichment planting 610 $asub-tropical hardwoods 610 $aagroforestry 610 $aherbicide effects 610 $abiological diversity 610 $acompetition 610 $aJuglans nigra L. 610 $aunderstorey 610 $ainvasive plants 610 $awildfire 610 $aforest restoration 610 $aQuercus macrocarpa 610 $ariparian forest restoration 610 $avegetation management 610 $aassisted migration 610 $asugar maple 610 $adeer browsing 610 $aspecies composition 610 $atolerance 610 $aphosphorus 610 $agrowth efficiency index 610 $afloristic quality index 610 $ashelterwood 610 $aCarya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 610 $amonitoring 610 $aindicators 610 $aseed predation 610 $aBioclimatic niche 610 $anon-parametric correlation 610 $aunmanaged forest 610 $aNative Americans 610 $aabandoned agricultural field 610 $anative mixed forests 610 $atree vigor 610 $aforest diversity 610 $apredation 610 $aweed control 610 $anitrate 610 $afacilitation 610 $ainventory 610 $ahardwoods 610 $aMexican tree species 610 $ayellow birch 610 $atree plantation 610 $aseedling establishment 610 $adeer abundance 610 $aavian guilds 610 $aPinus strobus L. 610 $aCentral Hardwood Forest region 610 $aPinus strobus 610 $aDurango 610 $aMaxEnt 610 $aJuglans nigra 610 $aoak regeneration 610 $aforest regeneration 610 $aQuercus rubra L. 610 $adeer herbivory 610 $aecosystem services 610 $atree shelter 615 7$aBiology, life sciences 700 $aGagnon$b Daniel$0763816 702 $aTruax$b Benoit 801 0$bScCtBLL 801 1$bScCtBLL 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910346678303321 996 $aHardwood Reforestation and Restoration$94320543 997 $aUNINA