LEADER 04083nam 22006614a 450 001 9910345156203321 005 20240417040615.0 010 $a1-281-31656-3 010 $a9786611316563 010 $a0-8135-3947-1 024 7 $a10.36019/9780813539478 035 $a(CKB)1000000000469618 035 $a(EBL)340816 035 $a(OCoLC)476156772 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000242093 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11218708 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000242093 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10299982 035 $a(PQKB)10909368 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC340816 035 $a(OCoLC)78591829 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse21290 035 $a(DE-B1597)529536 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780813539478 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL340816 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10155153 035 $a(OCoLC)1156838326 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000469618 100 $a20050927d2006 ub 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurun#---|u||u 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aScience and technology policy in the United States $eopen systems in action /$fSylvia Kraemer 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aNew Brunswick, N.J. $cRutgers University Press$dc2006 215 $a1 online resource (342 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 0 $a0-8135-3827-0 311 0 $a0-8135-3826-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 271-303) and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tCONTENTS --$tLIST OF TABLES --$tPREFACE --$t1. Introduction: Open Systems --$t2. Technology and the Ideology of Free Markets --$t3. The Ideologies of Science --$t4. The Science and Technology Policy Toolkit --$t5. Science, Technology, and Political Authority --$t6. Open Systems in a Digital World --$t7. Open Systems in Outer Space --$t8. The Crisis in American Health Care --$t9. Fossil Fuels and Clean Air --$t10. Epilogue --$tAppendix: Essay on Sources --$tNotes --$tIndex --$tABOUT THE AUTHOR 330 $aDuring the latter half of the twentieth century, federal funding in the United States for scientific research and development increased dramatically. Yet despite the infusion of public funds into research centers, the relationship between public policy and research and development remains poorly understood. How does the federal government attempt to harness scientific knowledge and resources for the nation's economic welfare and competitiveness in the global marketplace? Who makes decisions about controversial scientific experiments, such as genetic engineering and space exploration? Who is held accountable when things go wrong? In this lucidly-written introduction to the topic, Sylvia Kraemer draws upon her extensive experience in government to develop a useful and powerful framework for thinking about the American approach to shaping and managing scientific innovation. Kraemer suggests that the history of science, technology, and politics is best understood as a negotiation of ongoing tensions between open and closed systems. Open systems depend on universal access to information that is complete, verifiable, and appropriately used. Closed systems, in contrast, are composed of unique and often proprietary features, which are designed to control usage. From the Constitution's patent clause to current debates over intellectual property, stem cells, and internet regulation, Kraemer shows the promise-as well as the limits-of open systems in advancing scientific progress as well as the nation's economic vitality. 517 1 $aScience & technology policy in the United States 606 $aScience and state$zUnited States$xHistory 606 $aTechnology and state$zUnited States$xHistory 615 0$aScience and state$xHistory. 615 0$aTechnology and state$xHistory. 676 $a338.973/06 700 $aKraemer$b Sylvia K$01035974 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910345156203321 996 $aScience and technology policy in the United States$92455996 997 $aUNINA