LEADER 05349nam 22006495 450 001 9910300623603321 005 20230810194646.0 010 $a3-319-94610-2 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-319-94610-8 035 $a(CKB)4100000005323245 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-319-94610-8 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5452806 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL5452806 035 $a(OCoLC)1048662300 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/28265 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000005323245 100 $a20180713d2018 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn#008mamaa 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aEvaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine $ePrinciples and Procedures /$fby Veli-Pekka Parkkinen, Christian Wallmann, Michael Wilde, Brendan Clarke, Phyllis Illari, Michael P Kelly, Charles Norell, Federica Russo, Beth Shaw, Jon Williamson 205 $a1st ed. 2018. 210 1$aCham :$cSpringer International Publishing :$cImprint: Springer,$d2018. 215 $a1 online resource (XVIII, 125 p. 14 illus.) 225 1 $aSpringerBriefs in Philosophy,$x2211-4556 311 $a3-319-94609-9 327 $a1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is a mechanism? -- 1.2 Where does evidence of a mechanism come from? -- 1.3 Why consider evidence of mechanisms? -- 1.3.1 Evaluating efficacy -- 1.3.2 Evaluating external validity -- 1.3.3 Other questions -- 1.3.4 Importance of considering evidence of mechanisms -- 2 How to consider evidence of mechanisms: a summary -- 2.1 Questions to address -- 2.2 Quality level of evidence and status of claim -- 2.3 Identifying evidence of mechanisms in the literature -- 2.4 Evaluating evidence of mechanisms -- 2.5 Using evidence of mechanisms to evaluate causal claims -- 2.6 Overall approach -- 3 Identifying evidence of mechanisms in the literature -- 3.1 Hypothesize a mechanism -- 3.2 Search the literature -- 3.3 Identify the evidence most relevant to the mechanism hypothesis -- 3.4 Presenting the evidence of mechanisms -- 4 Evaluating evidence of mechanisms -- 4.1 Considerations for evaluating evidence of mechanism -- 4.2 Presenting quality of evidence of mechanisms -- 5 Using evidence of mechanisms to evaluate efficacy and external validity -- 5.1 Efficacy -- 5.2 External validity -- 6 Glossary -- 7 References -- 8 Acknowledgements -- 9 Appendix A. A critical appraisal tool for evidence of mechanisms -- 10 Appendix B. GRADE tables with mechanism assessment -- 11 Appendix C: Databases for evidence of mechanisms -- 12 Appendix D: Assessing exposures -- 12.1 Example: carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene -- 12.2 Comparison to IARC -- 12.3 Molecular epidemiology -- 12.4 Comparison to SYRINA. 330 $aThis book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures. 410 0$aSpringerBriefs in Philosophy,$x2211-4556 606 $aMedicine$xPhilosophy 606 $aKnowledge, Theory of 606 $aPhilosophy of Medicine 606 $aEpistemology 615 0$aMedicine$xPhilosophy. 615 0$aKnowledge, Theory of. 615 14$aPhilosophy of Medicine. 615 24$aEpistemology. 676 $a610.1 700 $aParkkinen$b Veli-Pekka$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$0993841 702 $aWallmann$b Christian$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aWilde$b Michael$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aClarke$b Brendan$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aIllari$b Phyllis$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aKelly$b Michael P$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aNorell$b Charles$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aRusso$b Federica$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aShaw$b Beth$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aWilliamson$b Jon$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910300623603321 996 $aEvaluating Evidence of Mechanisms in Medicine$92275579 997 $aUNINA