LEADER 04785oam 22007935 450 001 9910791132203321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a1-282-42217-0 010 $a9786612422171 010 $a0-8213-8143-1 024 7 $a10.1596/978-0-8213-8140-3 035 $a(CKB)2560000000008040 035 $a(EBL)476188 035 $a(OCoLC)536293914 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000088586 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11972670 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000088586 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10081977 035 $a(PQKB)10584518 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC476188 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL476188 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10356794 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL242217 035 $a(The World Bank)ocn435421640 035 $a(US-djbf)16057213 035 $a(EXLCZ)992560000000008040 100 $a20100115d2010 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aOptions to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas /$fArturo Muente-Kunigami, Juan Navas-Sabater 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cWorld Bank,$dc2010. 215 $aviii, 44 pages $cillustrations ;$d26 cm 225 1 $aWorld Bank working paper,$x1726-5878 ;$vno. 178 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8213-8140-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aContents; Abstract; Acknowledgments; Foreword; Acronyms and Abbreviations; 1. Introduction; 2. First Things First: Allow Markets to Work Well; Figure 2.1. Level of Competition in Mobile Markets and Mobile Penetration, 2007; Table 2.1. Emerging Trends in Telecommunications Regulation; 3. An Ever-Changing Industry: Changes and Trends in Rural Telecommunications since the Early 1990's; Figure 3.1. Growth of Mobile Subscribers Globally; Box 3.1. Enabling Rural Areas with Broadband Coverage; Box 3.2. The Fiber Optic National Network in Kenya; 4. Rationale for Universal Access Policy Instruments 327 $aTable 4.1. Universal Access Instruments Table 4.2. Financial Support Mechanisms; 5. Assessing the Suitability of the Instruments; Table 5.1. Evaluation Criteria; Assessment Box 1. Asymmetric Interconnection; Box 5.1. Sharing the Risks to Increase Access in Tanzania; Assessment Box 2. Facilities Sharing and Open Access; Figure 3. Mobile Tariffs for Selected Operators (US per minute); Assessment Box 3. Flexible Use of Spectrum; Assessment Box 4. Licensing Local Operators; Table 5.2. Taxes on Mobile Services in African Countries; Assessment Box 5. Taxes and Import Duties 327 $aTable 5.3. Outcomes of Minimum Subsidy Auctions for New Public Rural Telephones Assessment Box 6. Reverse Auctions and OBA; Box 5.2. Financing for Small Local Operations; Assessment Box 7. Introduction of Bottom-Up Projects; Box 5.3. Government Demand Increases Broadband Coverage in Korea; Assessment Box 8. Institutional Demand Stimulation; Assessment Box 9. Licensing Obligations; Assessment Box 10. End-User Subsidies; Assessment Box 11. Access Deficit Charges; Table 5.4. Assessment of Mechanisms; 6. Implementation Arrangements; 7. Conclusion; Figure A.1. Market Gap and Access Gap Model 327 $aAppendix. The "Gaps" ModelReferences 330 $aTelecommunications sector policy-makers and regulators have a wide range of instruments available to them that can be used to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas. The paper provides a review of these instruments, evaluating them against a set of criteria. It then goes on to identify a number of them that are worthy of further consideration by policy-makers and regulators while demonstrating that the effectiveness of the identified instruments can be greatly enhanced by the establishment of a conducive legal, regulatory and institutional framework. 410 0$aWorld Bank e-Library. 410 0$aWorld Bank working paper ;$vno. 178. 606 $aTelecommunication policy 606 $aRural telecommunication 606 $aPoor 606 $aTelecommunication systems 615 0$aTelecommunication policy. 615 0$aRural telecommunication. 615 0$aPoor. 615 0$aTelecommunication systems. 676 $a384/.043091734 700 $aMuente-Kunigami$b Arturo$01527197 701 $aNavas-Sabater$b Juan$f1968-$0572264 801 0$bDLC 801 1$bDLC 801 2$bBTCTA 801 2$bC#P 801 2$bYDXCP 801 2$bCDX 801 2$bBWX 801 2$bDLC 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910791132203321 996 $aOptions to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas$93769776 997 $aUNINA LEADER 03734nam 22006375 450 001 9910254181903321 005 20251230065225.0 010 $a3-662-47926-5 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-662-47926-1 035 $a(CKB)3710000000463315 035 $a(EBL)3568245 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001546775 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)16141459 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001546775 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)14796169 035 $a(PQKB)10688075 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-662-47926-1 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3568245 035 $a(PPN)188459138 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000463315 100 $a20150808d2016 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aHarmony Search Algorithm $eProceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Harmony Search Algorithm (ICHSA2015) /$fedited by Joong Hoon Kim, Zong Woo Geem 205 $a1st ed. 2016. 210 1$aBerlin, Heidelberg :$cSpringer Berlin Heidelberg :$cImprint: Springer,$d2016. 215 $a1 online resource (455 p.) 225 1 $aAdvances in Intelligent Systems and Computing,$x2194-5365 ;$v382 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a3-662-47925-7 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aPart I Various Aspects of Optimization Algorithms -- Part II Large scale applications of HSA -- Part III Recent Variants of HSA -- Part IV Other Nature-inspired Algorithms -- Part V Related Areas and Computational Intelligence -- Part VI Optimization in Civil Engineering -- Part VII Multi-objectives variants of HSA. 330 $aThe Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) is one of the most well-known techniques in the field of soft computing, an important paradigm in the science and engineering community.  This volume, the proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Harmony Search Algorithm 2015 (ICHSA 2015), brings together contributions describing the latest developments in the field of soft computing with a special focus on HSA techniques. It includes coverage of new methods that have potentially immense application in various fields. Contributed articles cover aspects of the following topics related to the Harmony Search Algorithm: analytical studies; improved, hybrid and multi-objective variants; parameter tuning; and large-scale applications.  The book also contains papers discussing recent advances on the following topics: genetic algorithms; evolutionary strategies; the firefly algorithm and cuckoo search; particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization; simulated annealing; and local search techniques.   This book offers a valuable snapshot of the current status of the Harmony Search Algorithm and related techniques, and will be a useful reference for practising researchers and advanced students in computer science and engineering. 410 0$aAdvances in Intelligent Systems and Computing,$x2194-5365 ;$v382 606 $aArtificial intelligence 606 $aComputational intelligence 606 $aAlgorithms 606 $aArtificial Intelligence 606 $aComputational Intelligence 606 $aAlgorithms 615 0$aArtificial intelligence. 615 0$aComputational intelligence. 615 0$aAlgorithms. 615 14$aArtificial Intelligence. 615 24$aComputational Intelligence. 615 24$aAlgorithms. 676 $a004 702 $aKim$b Joong Hoon$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 702 $aGeem$b Zong Woo$4edt$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edt 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910254181903321 996 $aHarmony Search Algorithm$91545072 997 $aUNINA