LEADER 04387nam 2200529Ia 450 001 9910222198403321 005 20240417013647.0 035 $a(CKB)2550000000110365 035 $a(EBL)3383010 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000882873 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11509419 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000882873 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10918826 035 $a(PQKB)11271808 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3383010 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10570021 035 $a(OCoLC)923313119 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3383010 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000110365 100 $a20120705d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aGreening the economy$b[electronic resource] $eNordic experiences and challenges 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aCopenhagen $cNordic Council of Ministers$dc2011 215 $a1 online resource (173 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a92-893-2229-2 327 $a""Content""; ""Preface""; ""Summary""; ""Some general conclusions and recommendations""; ""Special recommendations for the Nordic and other industrialized countries""; ""Special challenges and recommendations for emerging economies and/or developing countries""; ""1. Background: financial crisis and a???Green Growtha???""; ""1.1 Promoting Green Growth""; ""1.2 Categories of environmental policy instruments""; ""1.3 Report overview""; ""2. A brief history of Nordic environmental policy development""; ""2.1 1970a???80s: command and control era"" 327 $a""2.1.1 Regulations of large industrial sources""""2.1.2 Some few economic instruments were used""; ""2.1.3 Fish resources management in Iceland was an early attempt at using economic instruments in resource management""; ""2.1.4 Conservation of nature""; ""2.1.5 Spatial planning""; ""2.1.6 Environmental Impact Assessments""; ""2.2 1980s: environmental policies enter new sectors and areas""; ""2.2.1 International cooperation becomes important""; ""2.2.2 Waste policy emerges""; ""2.2.3 Release of hazardous chemicals from products and other sources were addressed"" 327 $a""2.2.4 Emissions from transportation and agriculture were also addressed""""2.2.5 Environmental labelling""; ""2.3 1990s: climate change policy emerges""; ""2.3.1 a???Think global, act locala???""; ""2.3.2 Nordic countries also promoters of coordinated actions""; ""2.3.3 Economic instruments most important GHG policy instrument""; ""2.4 2000s: new economic instruments come into use""; ""2.4.1 The Swedish NOx charge""; ""2.4.2 The Norwegian NOx charge""; ""2.4.3 Swedish congestion taxes""; ""2.4.4 Differentiated car purchase tax""; ""2.4.5 Green Certificates"" 327 $a""2.4.6 Environmental Information""""2.4.7 Green Public Procurement (GPP)""; ""2.4.8 Payment for ecosystem services (PES)""; ""3. Assessment of Nordic environmental policy experiences""; ""3.1 The command and control policy have been fairly (cost) effective""; ""3.2 Innovative and increased use of economic instruments""; ""3.2.1 Economic instruments have become supplemental to command and control""; ""3.2.2 The transportation sector faces the most comprehensive policy instruments""; ""3.2.3 Water pollution mostly regulated through command and control measures"" 327 $a""3.2.4 Subsidies are sometimes justified, but have negative side-effects""""3.2.5 Green certificates is a new way of imposing subsidies""; ""3.2.6 Many chemicals best curbed through direct regulations, but also economic instruments could have been used more widely""; ""3.2.7 The Swedish NOx charge is a good example of tax revenue recycling""; ""3.2.8 Payment for ecosystem services could be improved and expanded""; ""3.3 Additional policy instruments are often necessarya???.""; ""3.3.1 Energy efficiency could be promoted through different instruments"" 327 $a""3.3.2 Negotiated agreements have contributed to environmental improvements"" 606 $aSOCIAL SCIENCE / General$2bisacsh 615 7$aSOCIAL SCIENCE / General. 712 02$aNordic Council of Ministers. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910222198403321 996 $aGreening the economy$92175720 997 $aUNINA