LEADER 04575nam 2200553 450 001 9910220139103321 005 20220831223928.0 010 $a0-8330-9305-3 035 $a(CKB)3710000000601372 035 $a(EBL)4427115 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4427115 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4427115 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11163860 035 $a(OCoLC)939550826 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000601372 100 $a20160318h20162016 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 00$aDefense resource planning under uncertainty $ean application of robust decision making to munitions mix planning /$fRobert J. Lempert [et al.] 210 1$aSanta Monica, CA :$cRAND Corporation,$d2016. 210 4$dİ2016 215 $a1 online resource (xxii, 86 pages) $ccolor illustrations, color charts 300 $a"RAND National Security Research Division." 311 1 $a0-8330-9167-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover ; Title Page ; Copyright ; Preface; Contents; Figures; Tables; Summary; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; CHAPTER ONE: Introduction ; Planning with Predictive Failure; Munitions Mix Challenge; Organization of This Report; CHAPTER TWO: The RDM Approach to Munitions Mix Planning ; Comparison of RDM and Traditional Analysis; RDM Enables Decision Makers to Discover Robust Strategies Through Iteration; XLRM Factors Shape the Design of the Experiment; CHAPTER THREE: RDM Munitions Mix Analysis ; Initial Analysis of a Broad Range of Munitions Mix Strategies 327 $aAnalysis of Potentially More Robust Munitions Mix Strategies Stress-Testing of Strategies over Many Futures ; Scenarios That Illuminate the Vulnerabilities of Strategies ; Performance of Big+Deter-Mixed Strategy in the Moderate Scenario ; Performance of the Big+Deter-Mixed Strategy in the Extreme Scenario ; Future Focus on Purchase Rules in Addition to Portfolio Goals ; CHAPTER FOUR: Conclusions ; A Robust Munitions Mix Strategy ; The Future of RDM in Defense Planning ; APPENDIXES ; A. The Weapons on Target Model ; B. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ; C. Data ; References 330 $a"Today's defense resource planners face unprecedented uncertainty. The planning processes currently used to determine what forces and capabilities will be needed to address future threats to our national security and interests may be vulnerable to predictive failure. To manage these risks, a new approach to planning is needed to identify strategies that perform well over a wide range of threat and funding futures and thus are better able to manage surprise. This report describes how robust decision making (RDM) may help address this need. RDM, a quantitative decision support methodology for informing decisions under conditions of deep uncertainty and complexity, has been applied to many policy areas in the last decade. This document provides a proof of concept application of RDM to defense planning, focusing on the air-launched munitions mix challenge. The study embeds a fast-running "weapons on targets" allocation model within a "scenario generator" that explores many thousands of plausible, future 20-year series of military campaigns. The RDM analysis uses these simulation models to stress-test alternative munitions mix strategies against many plausible futures. The analysis then identifies a robust munitions mix strategy, which interestingly depends not only on the desired portfolio of alternative weapons types but also on the rules used to replenish depleted weapons stocks after each campaign. The study also suggests how RDM might best be integrated into current DoD planning processes and some of the challenges that might be involved." --Back cover. 606 $aDecision making 607 $aUnited States$xArmed Forces$xProcurement 607 $aUnited States$xArmed Forces$xWeapons systems 607 $aUnited States$xArmed Forces$xEquipment 607 $aUnited States$xArmed Forces$xOrdnance and ordnance stores 615 0$aDecision making. 676 $a353.6 700 $aLempert$b Robert J.$0924033 702 $aLempert$b Robert J. 712 02$aRand Corporation.$bNational Security Research Division, 712 02$aUnited States.$bDepartment of Defense.$bOffice of the Secretary of Defense, 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910220139103321 996 $aDefense resource planning under uncertainty$92894604 997 $aUNINA LEADER 03903nam 22005533a 450 001 9910765767003321 005 20250203232556.0 010 $a9781920489069 010 $a1920489061 035 $a(CKB)5490000000052698 035 $a(ScCtBLL)46378644-5a43-4299-955c-4f6b715070b7 035 $a(Perlego)2336627 035 $a(EXLCZ)995490000000052698 100 $a20250203i20122020 uu 101 0 $aeng 135 $auru|||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aEducational Challenges in Multilingual Societies$fM. Qorro, Z. Desai, B. Brock-Utne 210 1$a[s.l.] :$cAfrican Minds,$d2012. 215 $a1 online resource (1 p.) 327 $aComplexities of languages and multilingualism in post-colonial predicaments / Fernando Rosa Ribeiro -- Reclaiming the common sense / Solveig Gulling -- Policy on the language of instruction issue in Africa : a spotlight on South Africa and Tanzania / Birgit Brock-Utne -- Laissez-faire approaches to language in education policy do no work in South Africa / Zubeida Desai -- Taught language or talked language : second language teaching strategies in an isiXhosa beginners' class at the University of Cape Town / Tessa Dowling -- Turn-allocation and learner participation in grade four science lessons in isiXhosa and English / Vuyokazi Nomlomo -- The use of ICT in South African classrooms and the double literacy trap / Greta Gudmundsdottir -- A critical evaluation of selected textbooks used in teaching standard six mathematics, Kiswahili and English in selected Kiswahili and English-medium primary schools in Tanzania / Martha Qorro -- What is the difference in achievement of learners in selected Kiswahili and English-medium primary schools in Tanzania? / Jane Bakahwemama -- What is the difference in the quality of education provided by government and private primary schools in Tanzania? : a comparative study / Julitha Cecilia John -- A comparative appraisal of teaching and learning resources in private and government primary schools in Tanzania : implications for teaching and learning / Mwajuma Vuzo -- Why is the choice of the language of instruction in which students learn best seldom made in Tanzania? / Zehlia Babaci-Wilhite -- The ICT influence on the choice of language in higher education in Tanzania : pictures from fieldwork at the University of Dar es Salaam, 2008-2009 / Torill Aagot Halvorsen -- The prospects for and possible implications of teaching African philosophy in Kiswahili in east Africa : a Tanzanian perspective / Birgit Brock-Utne and Azaveli Lwaitama. 330 $aThis book is the sixth in a series of books from the LOITASA (Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa) project and reflects the work done in the sixth year of the project. This book has its main focus research carried out in South Africa and Tanzania on the language of instruction issue. 606 $aNative language and education$zTanzania 606 $aNative language and education$zSouth Africa 606 $aTeachers$zTanzania$xLanguage 606 $aTeachers$zSouth Africa$xLanguage 606 $aLanguage policy$zTanzania 606 $aLanguage policy$zSouth Africa 606 $aEducation, Bilingual$zTanzania 606 $aEducation, Bilingual$zSouth Africa 615 0$aNative language and education 615 0$aNative language and education 615 0$aTeachers$xLanguage. 615 0$aTeachers$xLanguage. 615 0$aLanguage policy 615 0$aLanguage policy 615 0$aEducation, Bilingual 615 0$aEducation, Bilingual 700 $aQorro$b M$01786286 702 $aDesai$b Z 702 $aBrock-Utne$b B 801 0$bScCtBLL 801 1$bScCtBLL 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910765767003321 996 $aEducational Challenges in Multilingual Societies$94317816 997 $aUNINA