LEADER 05634nam 2200745 a 450 001 9910220124403321 005 20240514031551.0 010 $a1-283-26810-8 010 $a9786613268105 010 $a0-8330-5846-0 035 $a(CKB)2670000000114025 035 $a(EBL)768123 035 $a(OCoLC)749265000 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000539431 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11324554 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000539431 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10568891 035 $a(PQKB)11575807 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC768123 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4970021 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL768123 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10497675 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4970021 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL326810 035 $a(OCoLC)816863391 035 $a(oapen)doab114955 035 $a(EXLCZ)992670000000114025 100 $a20110624d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aNear-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply $etechnical considerations /$fDavid S. Ortiz ... [et al.] 205 $a1st ed. 210 $aSanta Monica, Calif. $cRand$d2011 215 $a1 online resource (187 p.) 225 0 $aTechnical report Near-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply 300 $a"TR-984." 311 08$a0-8330-5835-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aCover; Title Page; Copyright; Preface; Contents; Figures; Tables; Summary; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations; CHAPTER ONE: Introduction; Background, Methodology, and Study Questions; Analytical Goals and Methodology; Regulatory Considerations; Outline of This Report; CHAPTER TWO: Cofiring Experience in the United States; Introduction; Producing Electricity from Coal and Biomass; General Information on the Companies and Their Facilities; Allegheny Energy; Dominion; First Energy; Florida Crystals; NRG Energy; Precombustion Biomass Considerations; Biomass Fuel Selection 327 $aBiomass Fuel Acquisition, Receiving, Preprocessing, and Storage Biomass Fuel Handling, Processing, and Feeding; Considerations for Combustion of Biomass; Technical Concerns with Biomass Combustion; Biomass Emissions, Emission Controls, and Waste; Economic, Regulatory, and Policy Issues; Key Concerns; Summary; Key Findings; Biomass Utilization Decision Process; CHAPTER THREE: Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring; Summary of Model of Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring; Model Inputs and Outputs; Estimating the Costs of Cofiring; Results; Base-Case Input Parameters and Assumptions 327 $aTotal Cost of Firing Biomass and Prices for Renewable-Electricity Credits CHAPTER FOUR: Near-Term Potential Demand for Biomass for Cofiring Applications; Introduction; Methodology and Data for Estimating Potential Biomass Demand; Current Biomass Energy Use; Near-Term Potential Demand for Biomass Energy Resources for Cofiring; Near-Term Potential Supply Constraints; CHAPTER FIVE: Logistical Considerations; Introduction; Costs of Handling, Processing, and Transporting Biomass; Loading and Unloading Biomass; Transportation; Storage Requirements and Costs; Densification Costs 327 $aBiomass Sourcing Scenarios Scenario 1: Local Supply of Biomass Energy; Scenario 2: Local and External Supply of Biomass Energy; Scenario 3: External Supply of Biomass Energy; CHAPTER SIX: Reductions in Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Cofiring with Biomass; Introduction; Estimating Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from Cofiring; Implications of Biomass Life-Cycle Greenhouse-Gas Emissions of Cofiring; CHAPTER SEVEN: Factors Influencing the Development of Biomass Markets; Introduction; Limiting Factors for Biomass Markets; Biomass Prices and Production Costs 327 $aTechnological Constraints on Biomass Production Asymmetric Information; The Potential for Processing to Facilitate Biomass Market Expansion; What Would Cause Biomass Markets to Grow?; CHAPTER EIGHT: Conclusions; Plant Operators' Experiences Cofiring Biomass; The Principal Challenge with Respect to Cofiring Biomass Is Maintaining a Consistent Fuel Supply; The Choice to Cofire Biomass Depends on a Confluence of Technical and Regulatory Factors; Plant-Site Costs of Cofiring; Cofiring Biomass Results in Increased Capital and Operating Costs and Lost Revenues 327 $aDensification of Biomass Does Not Result in Plant-Site Cost Savings 330 $aBiomass is an increasingly important source of electricity, heat, and liquid fuel. One near-term option for using biomass to generate electricity is to cofire biomass in coal-fired electricity plants. This report focuses on two aspects of biomass use: plant-site modifications, changes in operations, and costs associated with cofiring biomass; and the logistical issues associated with delivering biomass to the plant. 606 $aBiomass energy$zUnited States 606 $aElectric power-plants$zUnited States$xFuel 606 $aElectric power production$zUnited States 615 0$aBiomass energy 615 0$aElectric power-plants$xFuel. 615 0$aElectric power production 676 $a333.95/39 701 $aOrtiz$b David$g(David Santana)$0973386 712 02$aNational Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S.) 712 02$aRand Environment, Energy, and Economic Development (Program) 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910220124403321 996 $aNear-term opportunities for integrating biomass into the U.S. electricity supply$92448178 997 $aUNINA