LEADER 06042oam 22012254 450 001 9910219644303321 005 20240402023446.0 010 $a1-4623-8706-3 010 $a9786612841866 010 $a1-4519-8425-1 010 $a1-4518-7093-0 010 $a1-282-84186-6 035 $a(CKB)3170000000055118 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000944136 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11503324 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000944136 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10983295 035 $a(PQKB)10392347 035 $a(OCoLC)460653244 035 $a(IMF)WPIEE2008235 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1586701 035 $a(EXLCZ)993170000000055118 100 $a20020129d2008 uf 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aGrowing Apart? A Tale of Two Republics : $eEstonia and Georgia /$fThorvaldur Gylfason, Eduard Hochreiter 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, D.C. :$cInternational Monetary Fund,$d2008. 215 $a1 online resource (30 pages) $cillustrations 225 1 $aIMF Working Papers 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a1-4519-1546-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aIntro -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. Theoretical Background -- A. Explaining Differences in Output per Capita -- B. From Output to Efficiency -- III. Empirical Evidence -- A. Investm ent and Education -- B. Exports, Inflatio n, and Economic Structure -- C. Labor Markets -- D. Democracy, Governance, and Demography -- E. Accounting for the Income Differential -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Figures -- 1. Gross National Income per capita 1991 and 2006 -- 2. Gross Domestic Product per capita 1975-2005 -- 3. Gross Domestic Product per capita 1975-2005 -- 4. Gross Capital Formation 1980-2005 (% of GDP) -- 5. Secondary School Enrolment 1991-2005 (% of Cohort) -- 6. Foreign Direct Investment 1992-2005 (Net Inflows, % of GDP) -- 7. E xports of Goods and Services 1987-2005 (% of GDP) -- 8. C ustoms and Other Import Duties 1991-2005 (% of Tax Revenue) -- 9. Inflation 1993-2005 (%, Consumer Prices) -- 10. Financial Depth 1992-2005 (Broad Money as % of GDP) -- 11. Agriculture 1980-2005 (Value Added as % of GDP) -- 12. Manufactures Exports 1995-2005 (% of Merchandise Exports) -- 13. Economic Freedom Index 1995-2008 -- 14. Labor Force Participation 1989-2005 (% of Population) -- 15. Hours of Work per Employee per Week 1995-2008 -- 16. Unemployment 1989-2004 (% of Total Labor Force) -- 17. Democracy 1991-2004 (Index from -10 to 10) -- 18. Corruption 1998-2006 (Index from 1 to 10) -- 19. Fertility 1960-2005 (Births per Woman) -- 20. Life Expectancy at Birth 1960-2005 (Years). 330 3 $aWe compare and contrast the economic growth performance of Estonia and Georgia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 in an attempt to understand better the extent to which the growth differential between the two countries can be traced to increased efficiency in the use of capital and other resources (intensive growth) as opposed to brute accumulation of capital (extensive growth). On the basis of a simple growth accounting exercise, we infer that advances in education at all levels, good governance, and institutional reforms have played a more significant role in raising economic output and efficiency in Estonia than in Georgia which remains marred by various problems related to weak governance in the public and private spheres. 410 0$aIMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;$vNo. 2008/235 606 $aEconomic development$zEstonia 606 $aEconomic development$zGeorgia (Republic) 606 $aBanks and Banking$2imf 606 $aLabor$2imf 606 $aMacroeconomics$2imf 606 $aPublic Finance$2imf 606 $aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General$2imf 606 $aHuman Capital$2imf 606 $aSkills$2imf 606 $aOccupational Choice$2imf 606 $aLabor Productivity$2imf 606 $aLabor Economics: General$2imf 606 $aEducation: General$2imf 606 $aBanks$2imf 606 $aDepository Institutions$2imf 606 $aMicro Finance Institutions$2imf 606 $aMortgages$2imf 606 $aLabour$2imf 606 $aincome economics$2imf 606 $aPublic finance & taxation$2imf 606 $aEducation$2imf 606 $aBanking$2imf 606 $aPublic expenditure review$2imf 606 $aHuman capital$2imf 606 $aExpenditures, Public$2imf 606 $aLabor economics$2imf 606 $aBanks and banking$2imf 607 $aEstonia$xEconomic conditions$y1991- 607 $aGeorgia (Republic)$xEconomic conditions$y1991- 607 $aEstonia$xSocial conditions$y1991- 607 $aGeorgia$2imf 615 0$aEconomic development 615 0$aEconomic development 615 7$aBanks and Banking 615 7$aLabor 615 7$aMacroeconomics 615 7$aPublic Finance 615 7$aNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General 615 7$aHuman Capital 615 7$aSkills 615 7$aOccupational Choice 615 7$aLabor Productivity 615 7$aLabor Economics: General 615 7$aEducation: General 615 7$aBanks 615 7$aDepository Institutions 615 7$aMicro Finance Institutions 615 7$aMortgages 615 7$aLabour 615 7$aincome economics 615 7$aPublic finance & taxation 615 7$aEducation 615 7$aBanking 615 7$aPublic expenditure review 615 7$aHuman capital 615 7$aExpenditures, Public 615 7$aLabor economics 615 7$aBanks and banking 676 $a338.9 700 $aGylfason$b Thorvaldur$0128929 701 $aHochreiter$b Eduard$0119782 801 0$bDcWaIMF 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910219644303321 996 $aGrowing Apart? A Tale of Two Republics$93653222 997 $aUNINA