LEADER 02984nam 2200481 450 001 9910164931903321 005 20210401010312.0 010 $a0-19-069461-0 035 $a(CKB)3710000001064413 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4803057 035 $a(OCoLC)973223087 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000001064413 100 $a20170223h20162016 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn#nnn||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aSalafi-jihadism $ethe history of an idea /$fShiraz Maher 210 1$aNew York, New York :$cOxford University Press,$d[2016]. 210 4$dİ2016 215 $a1 online resource (xx, 292 pages) 311 $a0-19-065112-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (pages 251-275) and index. 327 $a1. Introduction -- 2. The obligation of fighting -- 3. Applying jihad in Salafi thought -- 4. Establishing disbelief -- 5. Praxis in action -- 6. The making of love and hate -- 7. Al-Wala?' wa-l-Bara?' as social empowerment -- 8. Realising monotheism -- 9. Holy war and the essence of monotheism -- 10. The dawn of modern political Islam -- 11. Securing God's rights -- 12. Conclusion. 330 $aNo topic has captured the public imagination of late quite so dramatically as the specter of global jihadism. While much has been said about the way jihadists behave, their ideology remains poorly understood. As the Levant has imploded and millenarian radicals claim to have revived a Caliphate based on the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed, the need for a nuanced and accurate understanding of jihadist beliefs has never been greater. Shiraz Maher charts the intellectual underpinnings of salafi-jihadism from its origins in the mountains of the Hindu Kush to the jihadist insurgencies of the 1990's and the 9/11 wars. What emerges is the story of a pragmatic but resilient warrior doctrine that often struggles - as so many utopian ideologies do - to consolidate the idealism of theory with the reality of practice. His ground-breaking introduction to salafi-jihadism recalibrates our understanding of the ideas underpinning one of the most destructive political philosophies of our time by assessing classical works from Islamic antiquity alongside those of contemporary ideologues. Packed with refreshing and provocative insights, Maher explains how war and insecurity engendered one of the most significant socio-religious movements of the modern era. 606 $aJihad$xHistory 606 $aIslamic fundamentalism$xHistory 606 $aSalafi?yah 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aJihad$xHistory. 615 0$aIslamic fundamentalism$xHistory. 615 0$aSalafi?yah. 676 $a297.72 700 $aMaher$b Shiraz$0990265 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bAuAdUSA 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910164931903321 996 $aSalafi-jihadism$92265268 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05395nam 2200649Ia 450 001 9910830740303321 005 20230422044827.0 010 $a1-281-76423-X 010 $a9786611764234 010 $a3-527-61368-4 010 $a3-527-61369-2 035 $a(CKB)1000000000376613 035 $a(EBL)481702 035 $a(OCoLC)261224407 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000120477 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11130256 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000120477 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10081533 035 $a(PQKB)10312838 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC481702 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000376613 100 $a20020620d1999 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aChemical synthesis using supercritical fluids$b[electronic resource] /$fedited by Philip G. Jessop and Walter Leitner 210 $aWeinheim ;$aNew York $cWiley-VCH$dc1999 215 $a1 online resource (503 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a3-527-29605-0 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aChemical Synthesis Using Supercritical Fluids; Preface; Contents; Contents; List of Contributors; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Supercritical Fluids as Media for Chemical Reactions; 1.1.1 What is a Supercritical Fluid (SCF)?; 1.1.2 Practical Aspects of Reactions in Supercritical Fluids (SFRs); 1.1.3 Motivation for Use of SCFs in Modern Chemical Synthesis; 1.1.4 A Brief History of Chemical Synthesis in SCFs; 1.1.4.1 Discovery of SCFs and their Use as Solvents; 1.1.4.2 Early Examples of Chemical Reactions in SCFs; 1.1.4.3 Industrial Use of SCFs as Reaction Media; References 327 $a1.2 Phase Behavior and Solubility1.2.1 Basic Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids; 1.2.2 Phase Behavior in High Pressure Systems; 1.2.2.1 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams; 1.2.2.2 Asymmetric Binary Mixtures; 1.2.3 Factors Affecting Solubility in Supercritical Fluids; 1.2.3.1 SCF Solvent; 1.2.3.2 Chemical Functionality of the Solute; 1.2.3.3 Temperature and Pressure Effects; References; 1.3 Physical Properties as Related to Chemical Reactions; 1.3.1 Behavior of Diffusion Coefficients; 1.3.2 Diffusional Effects on Reactions; 1.3.3 Transition-state Theory Applied to SCFs 327 $a1.3.4 Density Dependence of Two Competing Reactions1.3.5 Solvation Effects on Reactions; 1.3.6 Conclusions; References; 2 Experimental Techniques; 2.1 High-pressure Reaction Equipment Design; 2.1.1 Introduction; 2.1.2 Basic Equipment and Components; 2.1.2.1 Design of Thick-Walled Vessels; 2.1.2.2 Closures and Connectors; 2.1.2.3 Tubing and Fittings; 2.1.2.4 Valves; 2.1.2.5 Compressors and Pumps; 2.1.2.6 Stirring and Mixing; 2.1.2.7 Optical Windows; 2.1.3 High Pressure Systems; 2.1.3.1 Single-batch High-pressure Reactors; 2.1.3.2 View Cells; 2.1.3.3 Systems for Continuous Processing 327 $a2.1.4 SummaryReferences; 2.2 Extraction and Related Separation Techniques; 2.2.1 General Aspects of Supercritical Fluids as Mass Separating Agents; 2.2.2 Extraction from Solids; 2.2.2.1 Basic Process Design; 2.2.2.2 Process Parameters; 2.2.2.3 Modeling the Extraction; 2.2.2.4 Solids in Multiple Stages and Countercurrent Operation in SFE; 2.2.2.5 Continuous Extraction of Contaminated Soil with Supercritical Water; 2.2.3 Countercurrent Multistage Extraction; 2.2.3.1 Basic Process Design; 2.2.3.2 Phase Equilibria; 2.2.3.3 Separation Analysis with Respect to Theoretical Stages 327 $a2.2.3.4 Multicomponent Process Simulation2.2.3.5 Determination of the Height (Length) of a Theoretical Stage; 2.2.3.6 Determination of Column Diameter; 2.2.4 Chromatographic Separation with Supercritical Fluids; 2.2.4.1 Design of SFC Apparatus; 2.2.4.2 Methods for Scale-up of Chromatography; 2.2.5 Conclusion; References; 2.3 Precipitation and Crystallization Techniques; 2.3.1 Introduction; 2.3.2 Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria; 2.3.2.1 CSS, PGSS and RESS; 2.3.2.2 GASP; 2.3.3 Process Basics and Reference Schemes; 2.3.3.1 Crystallization from a Supercritical Solution (CSS) 327 $a2.3.3.2 Formation of Particles from Gas Saturated Solution (PGSS) 330 $aFor 'better solutions' - this practical guide describes how to take advantage of supercritical fluids in chemical synthesis. Well-established in extractions and materials processing, supercritical fluids are becoming increasingly popular as media for modern chemical syntheses. Historically, the application of compressed gases has been restricted mainly to the production of bulk chemicals. In the last decade, however, research has turned to exploiting the unique properties of supercritical fluids for the synthesis of fine chemicals and specialized materials. Now that the necessary equipment is 606 $aHigh pressure chemistry 606 $aOrganic compounds$xSynthesis 606 $aSupercritical fluids 615 0$aHigh pressure chemistry. 615 0$aOrganic compounds$xSynthesis. 615 0$aSupercritical fluids. 676 $a541.3 676 $a541.39 701 $aJessop$b Philip G$01658846 701 $aLeitner$b Walter$01323606 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910830740303321 996 $aChemical synthesis using supercritical fluids$94013120 997 $aUNINA