LEADER 04429nam 2200613 450 001 9910164029203321 005 20200923020339.0 010 $a1-5015-0104-6 010 $a1-61451-883-1 024 7 $a10.1515/9781614518839 035 $a(CKB)3850000000000872 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4817878 035 $a(DE-B1597)429563 035 $a(OCoLC)979757924 035 $a(DE-B1597)9781614518839 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL4817878 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11357057 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL997791 035 $a(OCoLC)975225714 035 $a(EXLCZ)993850000000000872 100 $a20170315h20172017 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 00$aTowards a new standard $etheoretical and empirical studies on the restandardization of Italian /$fedited by Massimo Cerruti, Claudia Crocco, Stefania Marzo 210 1$aBoston, [Massachusetts] ;$aBerlin, [Germany] :$cDe Gruyter Mouton,$d2017. 210 4$dİ2017 215 $a1 online resource (394 pages) $cillustrations, tables 225 1 $aLanguage and Social Life,$x2364-4303 ;$vVolume 6 311 $a1-61451-888-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tContents -- $tPreface -- $tList of Contributors -- $tList of Figures -- $tList of Tables -- $tOn the development of a new standard norm in Italian -- $tWhat is changing in Italian today? Phenomena of restandardization in syntax and morphology: an overview -- $tChanges from below, changes from above: relative constructions in contemporary Italian -- $tEveryone has an accent. Standard Italian and regional pronunciation -- $tEvaluating regional variation in Italian: towards a change in standard language ideology? -- $tHow standard regional Italians set in: the case of standard Piedmontese Italian -- $tItalian in Bozen/Bolzano: the formation of a ?new dialect? -- $tTuscan between standard and vernacular: a sociophonetic perspective -- $tContact between Italian and dialect in Sicily: the case of phrasal verb constructions -- $tAnglicisms in Italian. Typologies of language contact phenomena with particular reference to word-formation processes -- $tEnglish loans in written Italian: a regional perspective -- $tItalian in Switzerland: the dynamics of pluricentrism -- $tThe neo-standard of Italy and elsewhere in Europe -- $tIndex 330 $aIn many European languages the National Standard Variety is converging with spoken, informal, and socially marked varieties. In Italian this process is giving rise to a new standard variety called Neo-standard Italian, which partly consists of regional features. This book contributes to current research on standardization in Europe by offering a comprehensive overview of the re-standardization dynamics in Italian. Each chapter investigates a specific dynamic shaping the emergence of Neo-standard Italian and Regional Standard Varieties, such as the acceptance of previously non-standard features, the reception of Old Italian features excluded from the standard variety, the changing standard language ideology, the retention of features from Italo-Romance dialects, the standardization of patterns borrowed from English, and the developmental tendencies of standard Italian in Switzerland. The contributions investigate phonetic/phonological, prosodic, morphosyntactic, and lexical phenomena, addressed by several empirical methodologies and theoretical vantage points. This work is of interest to scholars and students working on language variation and change, especially those focusing on standard languages and standardization dynamics. 410 0$aLanguage and social life (Mouton de Gruyter) ;$vVolume 6. 606 $aItalian language$xStandardization 606 $aItalian language$xSpoken Italian 606 $aItalian language$xWritten Italian 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aItalian language$xStandardization. 615 0$aItalian language$xSpoken Italian. 615 0$aItalian language$xWritten Italian. 676 $a450 702 $aCerruti$b Massimo 702 $aCrocco$b Claudia 702 $aMarzo$b Stefania 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910164029203321 996 $aTowards a new standard$92443366 997 $aUNINA LEADER 09261nam 2200541 450 001 9910485590303321 005 20221014165028.0 010 $a3-030-64014-0 035 $a(CKB)5590000000487506 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6648114 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6648114 035 $a(PPN)260833274 035 $a(EXLCZ)995590000000487506 100 $a20220603d2021 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aChances and risks in construction management and economics $ea systemic approach to dealing with models and uncertainties /$fChristian Hofstadler, Markus Kummer 210 1$aCham, Switzerland :$cSpringer,$d[2021] 210 4$dİ2021 215 $a1 online resource (xxxii, 696 pages) $cillustrations (some color) 225 1 $aSpringer tracts in civil engineering 300 $aIncludes index. 311 0 $a3-030-64013-2 327 $aIntro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations, Acronyms and Notations -- Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Production System and Processes -- 1.1.1 Applying the Trapezoidal Model in Construction Management -- 1.1.2 Efficiency and Effectiveness -- 1.1.3 Accuracy, Distortion, and Spread -- 1.1.4 Complexity of Systems -- 1.1.5 Uncertainties in Systems -- 1.2 Objective -- 1.3 Structure -- 1.4 Target Audiences -- 1.5 Summary -- 1.6 References -- 2 Basics -- 2.1 Chance and Risk -- 2.1.1 Etymology -- 2.1.2 General Language -- 2.1.3 Usage in Business and Economics -- 2.1.4 Usage in Construction Economics -- 2.1.5 Usage of the Concepts of Chance and Risk in this Book -- 2.1.6 Selection of the Reference Base -- 2.2 Assumptions Regarding the Future -- 2.3 Terminology in Statistics and Probability Theory -- 2.3.1 Stochastics -- 2.3.2 Random Variable -- 2.3.3 Distribution -- 2.3.4 Histogram -- 2.3.5 Location Parameters -- 2.3.6 Variance -- 2.3.7 Standard Deviation -- 2.3.8 Quantile Values and Ranges -- 2.3.9 Central Limit Theorem -- 2.3.10 Correlation and Correlation Coefficients -- 2.3.11 Historical Data -- 2.4 Summary -- 2.5 References -- 3 Data, Information, Knowledge, and BIM -- 3.1 Types of Knowledge -- 3.1.1 Implicit and Explicit Knowledge -- 3.1.2 Subjective and Objective Knowledge -- 3.1.3 Individual, Collective, and Organizational Knowledge -- 3.1.4 Contextualized and Decontextualized Knowledge -- 3.2 General Considerations on Documentation and Knowledge Expansion -- 3.3 Flow of Information -- 3.4 Information and Data Quality -- 3.4.1 Methods of Acquiring Information -- 3.4.2 Information Asymmetry -- 3.5 Systematic Knowledge Management -- 3.6 Data and Information for BIM -- 3.6.1 Principles of BIM Models -- 3.6.2 Targets of BIM Models in the Project, Use, and Operation Processes -- 3.7 Summary -- 3.8 References. 327 $a4 Management of Chances and Risks -- 4.1 Management of Chances and Risks in Accordance with ISO 31000 -- 4.2 Situational Analysis with Respect to Chance and Risk Behavior -- 4.2.1 Chance and Risk Behavior in Construction Companies -- 4.2.2 Chance and Risk Behavior and Competitive Intensity -- 4.3 Chance and Risk Policy -- 4.4 Macro- and Micro-Analysis -- 4.4.1 Macro-Analysis - Organizational Level -- 4.4.2 Micro-Analysis - Project Level -- 4.5 Chance and Risk Management Process -- 4.5.1 Analysis and Synthesis of Chances and Risks -- 4.5.2 Optimization of Chances and Risks -- 4.5.3 Monitoring of Chances and Risks -- 4.5.4 Documentation of Chances and Risks -- 4.5.5 Reflection on Chances and Risks -- 4.6 Summary -- 4.7 References -- 5 Applying the Management of Chances and Risks to Project Phases -- 5.1 Phases of a Construction Project -- 5.2 Using Tools and Methods of Chance and Risk Management in Project Phases -- 5.3 Costs of Buildings/Structures - Cost Funnel - Contingencies -- 5.4 Summary -- 5.5 References -- 6 The Fundamentals of Monte Carlo Simulations -- 6.1 Origins and Evolution of the Method -- 6.2 Distinction between Method and Simulation -- 6.2.1 Monte Carlo Method -- 6.2.2 Simulation -- 6.2.3 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 6.2.4 Scenario vs. Iteration -- 6.2.5 Areas of Application -- 6.3 Generation of Random Numbers -- 6.3.1 Sampling Methods -- 6.3.2 Number of Iterations -- 6.4 Distribution Functions -- 6.4.1 Influence of the Shape of Distribution Functions -- 6.4.2 Influence of the Skewness of Distribution Functions -- 6.5 Correlations -- 6.5.1 Correlations in the Literature on Construction Management and Economics -- 6.5.2 Influence of Correlations -- 6.6 Comparison - Deterministic and Probabilistic Calculations -- 6.6.1 Critical Review of Deterministic Calculations -- 6.6.2 SWOT Analysis for Monte Carlo Simulations -- 6.7 Summary. 327 $a6.8 References -- 7 Application of Monte Carlo Simulations -- 7.1 Selection of Distribution Functions -- 7.1.1 Theoretical Considerations Based on Known or Assumed Characteristics -- 7.1.2 Gathering Empirical Data -- 7.1.3 Combination of Data Collection Methods -- 7.2 Data Fitting -- 7.2.1 Labor Consumption Rates -- 7.2.2 Quantity Deviations -- 7.3 Identifying Correlations -- 7.3.1 Total Labor Consumption Rate of Reinforced Concrete Operations -- 7.3.2 Expert Survey Results -- 7.3.3 Effects of Correlations on the Total Labor Consumption Rate of Reinforced Concrete Operations -- 7.4 Interpretation of Simulation Results -- 7.4.1 Histograms -- 7.4.2 Tornado Diagrams -- 7.4.3 Scatter Plots -- 7.4.4 Spider Diagrams -- 7.5 Summary -- 7.6 References -- 8 Influence of Project Lead Time and Construction Time on Project Targets -- 8.1 System of Targets for Construction Projects -- 8.2 Project Lead Time and Project Targets -- 8.3 Productivity and Production System -- 8.3.1 Production System -- 8.3.2 Labor Consumption Rates -- 8.4 Influence of Construction Time on Planning Processes -- 8.5 Significance of Construction Time -- 8.5.1 Significance for Construction Management -- 8.5.2 Significance for Construction Economics -- 8.5.3 Significance for Quality -- 8.5.4 Significance for Construction Process Disruptions -- 8.5.5 Legal Significance -- 8.6 Specification of Construction Time -- 8.6.1 Significance of Construction Time for the Construction Contract -- 8.6.2 Definitions of Construction Time -- 8.6.3 Consequences for the Client -- 8.7 Credible Construction Time -- 8.8 Influence of Construction Time on Productivity -- 8.8.1 Construction Time and Losses of Productivity -- 8.8.2 Comparison with Pertinent Literature -- 8.9 Summary -- 8.10 References -- 9 Worked Examples - Client -- 9.1 Project Phase 1 (PPH 1) -- 9.1.1 Developer Costing. 327 $a9.1.2 Life-Cycle Cost Considerations -- 9.2 Project Phase 2 (PPH 2) -- 9.2.1 Life-Cycle Cost Calculations -- 9.2.2 Soil Survey -- 9.2.3 Cost Estimate/Calculation -- 9.3 Project Phase 3 (PPH 3) -- 9.3.1 Cost Quotation -- 9.3.2 Determination of Construction Time -- 9.3.3 Bid Analysis - In-Depth Bid Assessment -- 9.3.4 Contract Award Decision -- 9.4 Project Phase 4 (PPH 4) -- 9.4.1 Trend Analysis -- 9.5 Project Phase 5 (PPH 5) -- 9.6 Portfolio Management -- 9.6.1 Basics -- 9.6.2 Task -- 9.6.3 Modeling -- 9.6.4 Calculation and Interpretation of Results -- 9.6.5 Benefit for the Client -- 9.7 Summary -- 9.8 References -- 10 Worked Examples - Contractor -- 10.1 Project Phase 1 (PPH 1) -- 10.2 Project Phase 2 (PPH 2) -- 10.3 Project Phase 3 (PPH 3) -- 10.3.1 Quantity Uncertainties/Combined Pricing -- 10.3.2 Macro-Analysis of Number of Workers -- 10.3.3 Calculation of Number of Required Pieces of Construction Equipment -- 10.3.4 Register of Chances and Risks -- 10.3.5 Determination of Construction Time -- 10.3.6 Rough Process Comparison -- 10.3.7 Rough Estimation of Stocking Quantities^29) -- 10.3.8 Costing (Zero-Base Approach) -- 10.3.9 Assessment of Costing Risk -- 10.3.10 Bid Pricing -- 10.4 Project Phase 4 (PPH 4) -- 10.4.1 Logistics/Number of Transport Cycles -- 10.4.2 Coordination of Equipment Chains -- 10.4.3 Compaction Performance in Earthworks -- 10.4.4 Method Selection -- 10.4.5 Construction Process Planning -- 10.4.6 Stocking of Construction Materials -- 10.4.7 Aggregation of Losses of Productivity -- 10.4.8 Determination of Stocking Quantities -- 10.4.9 Procurement Optimization -- 10.4.10 Trend Analyses -- 10.4.11 Weather Impact -- 10.4.12 Determination of Additional Costs -- 10.5 Project Phase 5 (PPH 5) -- 10.6 Project Portfolio Management across all Phases -- 10.6.1 Basics -- 10.6.2 Task -- 10.6.3 Modeling. 327 $a10.6.4 Calculation and Interpretation of Results -- 10.6.5 Benefit for the Contractor -- 10.7 Summary -- 10.8 References -- Figures -- Tables -- Index. 410 0$aSpringer tracts in civil engineering 606 $aConstruction industry$xManagement 606 $aConstruction industry$xRisk management 606 $aProject management 615 0$aConstruction industry$xManagement. 615 0$aConstruction industry$xRisk management. 615 0$aProject management. 676 $a658.404 700 $aHofstadler$b Christian$01224376 702 $aKummer$b Markus 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910485590303321 996 $aChances and Risks in Construction Management and Economics$92841911 997 $aUNINA