LEADER 04245nam 22006735 450 001 9910162715303321 005 20191022022751.0 010 $a0-226-43799-X 024 7 $a10.7208/9780226437996 035 $a(CKB)3710000001022086 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4787052 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0001639763 035 $a(DE-B1597)523326 035 $a(OCoLC)969637317 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780226437996 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000001022086 100 $a20191022d2017 fg 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $2rdacontent 182 $2rdamedia 183 $2rdacarrier 200 10$aPatent Politics $eLife Forms, Markets, and the Public Interest in the United States and Europe /$fShobita Parthasarathy 210 1$aChicago : $cUniversity of Chicago Press, $d[2017] 210 4$dİ2017 215 $a1 online resource (299 pages) 300 $aPreviously issued in print: 2017. 311 $a0-226-43785-X 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tContents -- $tAcronyms and Abbreviations -- $tIntroduction -- $t1. Defining the Public Interest in the US and European Patent Systems -- $t2. Confronting the Questions of Life-Form Patentability -- $t3. Commodification, Animal Dignity, and Patent-System Publics -- $t4. Forging New Patent Politics Through the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Debates -- $t5. Human Genes, Plants, and the Distributive Implications of Patents -- $tConclusion -- $tAcknowledgments -- $tAppendix 1: Major Events Related to the US and European Life-Form Patent Controversies -- $tAppendix 2: Methodological Note -- $tNotes -- $tBibliography -- $tIndex 330 $aOver the past thirty years, the world's patent systems have experienced pressure from civil society like never before. From farmers to patient advocates, new voices are arguing that patents impact public health, economic inequality, morality-and democracy. These challenges, to domains that we usually consider technical and legal, may seem surprising. But in Patent Politics, Shobita Parthasarathy argues that patent systems have always been deeply political and social. To demonstrate this, Parthasarathy takes readers through a particularly fierce and prolonged set of controversies over patents on life forms linked to important advances in biology and agriculture and potentially life-saving medicines. Comparing battles over patents on animals, human embryonic stem cells, human genes, and plants in the United States and Europe, she shows how political culture, ideology, and history shape patent system politics. Clashes over whose voices and which values matter in the patent system, as well as what counts as knowledge and whose expertise is important, look quite different in these two places. And through these debates, the United States and Europe are developing very different approaches to patent and innovation governance. Not just the first comprehensive look at the controversies swirling around biotechnology patents, Patent Politics is also the first in-depth analysis of the political underpinnings and implications of modern patent systems, and provides a timely analysis of how we can reform these systems around the world to maximize the public interest. 606 $aBiotechnology$vPatents 606 $aPatent laws and legislation$zUnited States$xHistory 606 $aPatent laws and legislation$zEurope$xHistory 606 $aBioethics$zUnited States 606 $aBioethics$zEurope 610 $abiotechnology. 610 $acomparison. 610 $acontroversy. 610 $aexpertise. 610 $ainnovation. 610 $amorality. 610 $apatent. 610 $apolitical culture. 610 $apolitical ideology. 610 $ascience and technology policy. 615 0$aBiotechnology 615 0$aPatent laws and legislation$xHistory. 615 0$aPatent laws and legislation$xHistory. 615 0$aBioethics 615 0$aBioethics 676 $a174.2 700 $aParthasarathy$b Shobita, $0887801 801 0$bDE-B1597 801 1$bDE-B1597 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910162715303321 996 $aPatent Politics$91983150 997 $aUNINA