LEADER 03395nam 2200565 450 001 9910162707403321 005 20221225221823.0 010 $a0-300-22768-X 024 7 $a10.12987/9780300227680 035 $a(CKB)3710000001044016 035 $a(DE-B1597)540365 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780300227680 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5268832 035 $a(OCoLC)971018865 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL5268832 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL990497 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC7022540 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL7022540 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000001044016 100 $a20221225h20172017 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aPresidents' secrets $ethe use and abuse of hidden power /$fMary Graham 210 1$aNew Haven, Connecticut :$cYale University Press,$d[2017] 210 4$dİ2017 215 $a1 online resource (256 p.) 311 $a0-300-22374-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFrontmatter -- $tCONTENTS -- $tACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- $tIntroduction -- $t1. The Constitutional Convention: The President's Limited Power -- $t2. George Washington: A Culture of Openness -- $t3. Woodrow Wilson: A Foundation for Secret Government -- $t4. Harry Truman: Institutional Secrecy -- $t5. Lyndon Johnson: Stealth Attacks on Openness -- $t6. Gerald Ford: A Time of Reckoning -- $t7. George W. Bush: A Test of the Limits -- $t8. Barack Obama: A Twenty-First-Century Bargain? -- $tConclusion -- $tNOTES -- $tINDEX 330 $aHow presidents use secrecy to protect the nation, foster diplomacy, and gain power Ever since the nation's most important secret meeting-the Constitutional Convention-presidents have struggled to balance open, accountable government with necessary secrecy in military affairs and negotiations. For the first one hundred and twenty years, a culture of open government persisted, but new threats and technology have long since shattered the old bargains. Today, presidents neither protect vital information nor provide the open debate Americans expect. Mary Graham tracks the rise in governmental secrecy that began with surveillance and loyalty programs during Woodrow Wilson's administration, explores how it developed during the Cold War, and analyzes efforts to reform the secrecy apparatus and restore oversight in the 1970s. Chronicling the expansion of presidential secrecy in the Bush years, Graham explains what presidents and the American people can learn from earlier crises, why the attempts of Congress to rein in stealth activities don't work, and why presidents cannot hide actions that affect citizens' rights and values. 606 $aPresidents$zUnited States$xDecision making 606 $aOfficial secrets$zUnited States 606 $aFreedom of information$zUnited States 606 $aExecutive privilege (Government information)$zUnited States 615 0$aPresidents$xDecision making. 615 0$aOfficial secrets 615 0$aFreedom of information 615 0$aExecutive privilege (Government information) 676 $a352.3790973 700 $aGraham$b Mary$f1944-$01074260 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910162707403321 996 $aPresidents' Secrets$92572119 997 $aUNINA