LEADER 00984nam--2200313---450- 001 990002320820203316 005 20100924103526.0 035 $a000232082 035 $aUSA01000232082 035 $a(ALEPH)000232082USA01 035 $a000232082 100 $a20041230d1975----km-y0itay0103----ba 101 0 $aeng 102 $aUS 105 $a||||||||001yy 200 1 $aPsychology in progress$ereadings from scientific american$fwith introduction by Richard C. Atkinson and John P.J. Pinel 210 $aSan Francisco$cFreeman$d1975 215 $a394 p.$d21 cm 700 1$aATKINSON,$bRichard C.$050808 701 1$aPINEL,$bJohn P. 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The Puzzle: 1. Breakthrough elections: mixed regimes, democracy assistance, and international diffusion; 2. Electoral stability and change in mixed regimes; Part II. Case Studies: 3. The 1998 election in Slovakia and the 2000 election in Croatia: model solidifies and is transferred; 4. Defeating a dictator at the polls and in the streets: the 2000 Yugoslav election; 5. Ukraine: the orange revolution; 6. Georgia and Kyrgyzstan: fraudulent parliamentary elections, mass protests, and presidential abdications; 7. Failed cases: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus; Part III. Comparative Analyses: 8. Explaining divergent electoral outcomes: regime strength, international democracy assistance, and electoral dynamics; 9. The electoral model: evolution and elements; 10. The cross-national diffusion of democratizing elections; 11. After the elections: explaining divergent regime trajectories; 12. Conclusions: democratizing elections, international diffusion and U.S. democracy assistance. 330 $aFrom 1998 to 2005, six elections took place in postcommunist Europe that had the surprising outcome of empowering the opposition and defeating authoritarian incumbents or their designated successors. Valerie J. Bunce and Sharon L. Wolchik compare these unexpected electoral breakthroughs. They draw three conclusions. First, the opposition was victorious because of the hard and creative work of a transnational network composed of local opposition and civil society groups, members of the international democracy assistance community and graduates of successful electoral challenges to authoritarian rule in other countries. Second, the remarkable run of these upset elections reflected the ability of this network to diffuse an ensemble of innovative electoral strategies across state boundaries. Finally, elections can serve as a powerful mechanism for democratic change. This is especially the case when civil society is strong, the transfer of political power is through constitutional means, and opposition leaders win with small mandates. 410 0$aCambridge studies in contentious politics. 606 $aDemocracy$zFormer communist countries 606 $aAuthoritarianism$zFormer communist countries 607 $aFormer communist countries$xPolitics and government 615 0$aDemocracy 615 0$aAuthoritarianism 676 $a324.9171/7 686 $aPOL000000$2bisacsh 700 $aBunce$b Valerie$f1949-$0707802 702 $aWolchik$b Sharon L. 801 0$bUkCbUP 801 1$bUkCbUP 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910826757903321 996 $aDefeating authoritarian leaders in postcommunist countries$94115033 997 $aUNINA