LEADER 04476nam 2200745 450 001 9910145560403321 005 20220514084403.0 010 $a1-281-20606-7 010 $a9786611206062 010 $a3-540-75561-6 024 7 $a10.1007/978-3-540-75561-6 035 $a(CKB)1000000000410837 035 $a(EBL)337575 035 $a(OCoLC)233973573 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000219247 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11196413 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000219247 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10229163 035 $a(PQKB)10223941 035 $a(DE-He213)978-3-540-75561-6 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC337575 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC6711196 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL6711196 035 $a(PPN)123742749 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000410837 100 $a20220514d2007 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aPedestrian dynamics $efeedback control of crowd evacuation /$fPushkin Kachroo [and three others] 205 $a1st ed. 2008. 210 1$aBerlin ;$aHeidelberg :$cSpringer,$d[2007] 210 4$dİ2007 215 $a1 online resource (256 p.) 225 1 $aUnderstanding complex systems 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a3-540-75559-4 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (pages 233-242) and index. 327 $aTra?c Flow Theory for 1-D -- CrowdModels for 2-D -- Numerical Methods -- Feedback Linearization (1-D Patches) -- Intelligent Evacuation Systems -- Discretized Feedback Control -- Discretized Optimal Control -- Distributed Feedback Control 1-D -- Distributed Feedback Control 2-D -- Robust Feedback Control. 330 $aEffective evacuation of people from closed spaces is an extremely important topic, since it can save real lives in emergency situations that can be brought about by natural and human made disasters. Usually there are static maps posted at various places at buildings that illustrate routes that should be taken during emergencies. However, when disasters happen, some of these routes might not be valid because of structural problems due to the disaster itself and more importantly because of the distribution of congestion of people spread over the area. The average flow of traffic depends on the traffic density. Therefore, if all the people follow the same route, or follow a route without knowing the congestion situation, they can end up being part of the congestion which results in very low flow rate or worse a traffic jam. Hence it becomes extremely important to design evacuations that inform people how fast and in which direction to move based on real-time information obtained about the people distribution using various sensors. The sensors used can include cameras, infra red sensors etc., and the technology used to inform people about the desired movement can be communicated using light matrix, small speakers, and in the future using wireless PDAs. This book provides mathematical models of pedestrian movements that can be used specifically for designing feedback control laws for effective evacuation. The book also provides various feedback control laws to accomplish the effective evacuation. The book uses the hydrodynamic hyperbolic PDE macroscopic pedestrian models since they are amenable to feedback control design. The control designs are obtained through different nonlinear techniques including Lyapunov functional techniques, feedback linearization in the distributed model, and some discretized techniques. 410 0$aUnderstanding complex systems. 606 $aBuildings$xEvacuation$xMathematical models 606 $aFeedback control systems 606 $aCrowd control 606 $aPedestrian areas$xPlanning 606 $aPedestrian traffic flow$xMathematical models 606 $aAudible pedestrian traffic signals 615 0$aBuildings$xEvacuation$xMathematical models. 615 0$aFeedback control systems. 615 0$aCrowd control. 615 0$aPedestrian areas$xPlanning. 615 0$aPedestrian traffic flow$xMathematical models. 615 0$aAudible pedestrian traffic signals. 676 $a620.8 700 $aKachroo$b Pushkin$0719302 701 $aKachroo$b Pushkin$0719302 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910145560403321 996 $aPedestrian dynamics$91396387 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04837nam 2200649 450 001 9910818046403321 005 20210422025932.0 010 $a0-231-53739-5 024 7 $a10.7312/shin16614 035 $a(CKB)3710000000215252 035 $a(EBL)1643209 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001289773 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11841709 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001289773 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11231646 035 $a(PQKB)11370485 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1643209 035 $a(DE-B1597)458503 035 $a(OCoLC)888123976 035 $a(OCoLC)900559469 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780231537391 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1643209 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10912942 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL686183 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000215252 100 $a20140901h20142014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|nu---|u||u 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aSpells, images, and mandalas $etracing the evolution of esoteric Buddhist rituals /$fKoichi Shinohara ; cover design, Chin-Yee Lai 210 1$aNew York ;$aChichester, England :$cColumbia University Press,$d2014. 210 4$dİ2014 215 $a1 online resource (353 p.) 225 1 $aSheng Yen Series in Chinese Buddhist Studies 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 0 $a1-322-54901-X 311 0 $a0-231-16614-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $tFront matter --$tContents --$tList of Figures and Tables --$tAcknowledgments --$tIntroduction --$tPART I. The Three Ritual Scenarios --$t1. The Recitation of Spells in the Dh?ra?? Collections --$t2. The Image Ritual of the Eleven-Faced Avalokite?vara --$t3. The Ma??ala Initiation Ceremony --$t4. The Formation of the All-Gathering Ceremony --$tPART II. The Evolution of Dh?ra?? S?tras and the Introduction of Visualization Practice --$t5. Dh?ra?? S?tras and Their Evolution in Esoteric S?tras Translated by Bodhiruci --$t6. The Tradition of the Amoghap??a S?tras --$tPART III. Toward a New Synthesis: "Mature" Rituals of Visualization --$t7. Yixing's Commentary on the Mah?vairocana S?tra: Creating the Great Ma??ala --$t8. Amoghavajra's Ritual Manuals --$tConclusion --$tAppendix: The Day-by-Day Instructions for the All-Gathering Ma??ala Ceremony in the Collected Dh?ra?? S?tras --$tNotes --$tReferences --$tIndex 330 $aKoichi Shinohara traces the evolution of Esoteric Buddhist rituals from the simple recitation of spells in the fifth century to complex systems involving image worship, mandala initiation, and visualization practices in the ninth century. He presents an important new reading of a seventh-century Chinese text called the Collected Dharani Sutras, which shows how earlier rituals for specific deities were synthesized into a general Esoteric initiation ceremony and how, for the first time, the notion of an Esoteric Buddhist pantheon emerged. In the Collected Dharani Sutras, rituals for specific deities were typically performed around images of the deities, yet Esoteric Buddhist rituals in earlier sources involved the recitation of spells rather than the use of images. The first part of this study explores how such simpler rituals came to be associated with the images of specific deities and ultimately gave rise to the general Esoteric initiation ceremony described in the crucial example of the All-Gathering mandala ritual in the Collected Dharani Sutras. The visualization practices so important to later Esoteric Buddhist rituals were absent from this ceremony, and their introduction would fundamentally change Esoteric Buddhist practice. This study examines the translations of dharani sutras made by Bodhiruci in the early eighth century and later Esoteric texts, such as Yixing's commentary on the Mahavairocana sutra and Amoghavajra's ritual manuals, to show how incorporation of visualization greatly enriched Esoteric rituals and helped develop elaborate iconographies for the deities. Over time, the ritual function of images became less certain, and the emphasis shifted toward visualization. This study clarifies the complex relationship between images and ritual, changing how we perceive Esoteric Buddhist art as well as ritual. 410 0$aSheng Yen series in Chinese Buddhist studies. 606 $aTantric Buddhism$xRituals$xHistory 606 $aTantric Buddhism$xHistory 615 0$aTantric Buddhism$xRituals$xHistory. 615 0$aTantric Buddhism$xHistory. 676 $a294.3/438 700 $aShinohara$b Koichi$f1941-$01611124 702 $aLai$b Chin-Yee 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910818046403321 996 $aSpells, images, and mandalas$93940743 997 $aUNINA