LEADER 05149nam 2200673Ia 450 001 9910144696203321 005 20170810195550.0 010 $a1-282-30799-1 010 $a9786612307997 010 $a0-470-31654-3 010 $a0-470-31728-0 035 $a(CKB)1000000000687537 035 $a(EBL)469289 035 $a(OCoLC)264621188 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000341500 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11290212 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000341500 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10408169 035 $a(PQKB)11297366 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC469289 035 $a(PPN)159353548 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000687537 100 $a19831006d1983 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aPlanning and analysis of observational studies$b[electronic resource] /$fWilliam G. Cochran ; edited by Lincoln E. Moses and Frederick Mosteller 210 $aNew York $cWiley$dc1983 215 $a1 online resource (166 p.) 225 1 $aWiley series in probability and mathematical statistics,$x0271-6356 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-471-88719-6 320 $aIncludes bibliographies and index. 327 $aPlanning and Analysis of Observational Studies; Contents; 1. VARIATION, CONTROL, AND BIAS; 1. I. Introduction; 1.2. Strategy in Controlled Experiments- Sampled and Target Populations; 1.3. The Principal Sources of Variation in the Responses; 1.4. Methods of Control; 1.5. Effects of Bias; 1.6. Summary; References; 2. STATISTICAL INTRODUCTION; 2.1. Drawing Conclusions from Data; 2.2. Tests of Significance; 2.3. Confidence Intervals; 2.4. Systematic Differences Between the Populations; 2.5. The Model When Bias is Present; 2.6. Summary; References; 3. PRELIMINARY ASPECTS OF PLANNING 327 $a3.1. Introdudtion3.2. The Statement of Objectives; 3.3. The Treatments; 3.4. Measurements of Treatment Levels for Individual Persons and the Effects of Grouping; 3.5. Other Points Related to Treatments; 3.6. Control Treatments; 3.7. The Responses; 3.8. Timing of Measurements; 3.9. summary; References; 4. FURTHER ASPECTS OF PLANNING; 4.1. Sample Size in Relation to Tests of Significance; 4.2. Sample Size for Estimation; 4.3. The Effect of Bias; 4.4. More Complex Comparisons; 4.5. Samples of Clusters; 4.6. Plans for Reducing Nonresponse; 4.7. Relationship Between Sampled and Target Populations 327 $a4.8. Pilot Studies and Pretests4.9. The Devil's Advocate; 4.10. Summary; References; 5 . MATCHING; 5.1. Confounding Variables; 5.2. Matching; 5.3. The Construction of Matches; 5.4. Effect of Within-Class Matching on x; 5.5. Effect of Caliper Matching on x; 5.6. Effect of "Nearest Available" Matching on x; 5.7. Effect of Mean Matching on x; 5.8. Effects on bias of y1 - y2; 5.9. Effect of Matching on the Variance of y1 - y2; 5.10. Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Pair-Matched Samples; 5.11. Analysis with Mean Matching: y Continuous; 5.12. summary; References; 6. ADJUSTMENTS IN ANALYSIS 327 $a6.1. Introduction6.2. y Continuous: x's Classified; 6.3. y Binomial: x's Classified; 6.4. Treatment Difference Varying From Cell to Cell; 6.5. y and x's Quantitative: Adjustments by Regression (Covariance); 6.6. Regression Adjustments with Some x's Classified; 6.7. Effect of Regression Adjustments on Bias in y1-y2; 6.8. Effect of Curvature on Linear-Regression Adjustments; 6.9. Effectiveness of Regression Adjustments on Precision; 6.10. Effect of Errors in the Measurement of x; 6.11. Matching and Adjustment Compared: In Experiments 327 $a6.12. Matching and Adjustment Compared: In Observational StudiesAppendix to Section 6.12; 6.13. A Preliminary Test of Comparability; 6.14. Summary; References; 7. SIMPLE STUDY STRUCTURES; 7.1. Introduction; 7.2. The Single Group: Measured After Treatment Only; 7.3. The Single Group: Measured Before and After Treatment; 7.4. The Single Group: Series of Measurements Before and After; References; INDEX 330 $aTreats studies, primarily in human populations, that show casual effects of certain agents, procedures, treatment or programs. Deals with the difficulties that comparative observational studies have because of bias in their design and analysis. Systematically considers the many sources of bias and discusses how care in matching or adjustment of results can reduce the effects of bias in these investigations. 410 0$aWiley series in probability and mathematical statistics. 606 $aAnalysis of variance 606 $aExperimental design 615 0$aAnalysis of variance. 615 0$aExperimental design. 676 $a001.4 676 $a001.42 676 $a519.5352 700 $aCochran$b William G$g(William Gemmell),$f1909-1980.$03179 701 $aMoses$b Lincoln E$0103130 701 $aMosteller$b Frederick$f1916-2006.$045482 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910144696203321 996 $aPlanning and analysis of observational studies$92163519 997 $aUNINA