LEADER 05476nam 2200661 a 450 001 9910143239203321 005 20170814175204.0 010 $a1-282-78331-9 010 $a9786612783319 010 $a0-470-93540-5 010 $a1-59124-591-5 010 $a0-470-93539-1 035 $a(CKB)111086367653202 035 $a(EBL)589011 035 $a(OCoLC)53150604 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000071474 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11111752 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000071474 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10090203 035 $a(PQKB)11470209 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC589011 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111086367653202 100 $a19990604d1999 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aAvoiding static ignition hazards in chemical operations$b[electronic resource] /$fLaurence G. Britton 210 $aNew York $cCenter for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers$dc1999 215 $a1 online resource (304 p.) 225 1 $aCCPS concept book 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8169-0800-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aAvoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Operations: A CCPS Concept Book; CONTENTS; Preface; Acknowledgments; 1 INTRODUCTION; 1-1. Purpose; 1-2. Exclusions; 1-3. Units; 1-4. Organization of the Book; 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF STATIC ELECTRICITY; 2-1. What Is Static Electricity?; 2-1.1. Charge Separation; 2-1.2. Magnitude of Current and Potential; 2-1.3. Concentration of Charged Species; 2-1.4. Importance of Trace Contaminants; 2-1.5. Hazard Evaluation; 2-1.6. Statistics; 2-2. Charge Generation; 2-2.1. Induction Charging; 2-2.2. Ionic Charging; 2-3. Charge Dissipation 327 $a2-3.1. Variability of Conductivity2-4. Charge Accumulation; 2-5. Ignition; 2-5.1. Effective Energy; 2-6. Static Discharges; 2-6.1. Corona Discharge; 2-6.2. Brush Discharge; 2-6.3. Bulking Brush Discharge; 2-6.4. Spark Discharge; 2-6.5. Propagating Brush Discharge (PBD); 2-6.6. Surface Streamer; 2-7. Personnel Spark and Shock Hazards; 2-7.1. Body Capacitance and Resistance; 2-7.2. Voltage (V) and Energy (W) Attained; 2-7.3. Human Shock Response; 3 EVALUATING THE HAZARD OF STATIC ELECTRICITY; 3-1. General; 3-2. Hazard Identification Methods; 3-2.1. Decision Trees; 3-3. Charge Accumulation 327 $a3-3.1. Conductive Objects3-3.2. Nonconductive Objects; 3-4. Energy Estimates; 3-4.1. Charge Sharing; 3-5. Instrumentation; 3-5.1. Charge; 3-5.2. Electric Field; 3-5.3. Potential; 3-5.4. Ignition Energy; 3-5.5. Conductivity of Liquids; 3-5.6. Resistivity of Solids; 3-5.7. Resistance; 3-6. Direct Observation of Discharges; 3-7. Radio Frequency Detection of Discharges; 3-8. Measuring the Effective Energy of Nonspark Discharges; 3-8.1. Gas Composition; 4 CONTROLLING ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS; 4-1. Bonding and Grounding; 4-1.1. Definitions; 4-1.2. Purpose of Bonding and Grounding 327 $a4-1.3. Resistance to Ground4-1.4. Bonding and Grounding Systems; 4-1.5. Ground Rods; 4-1.6. Grounding and Cathodic Protection; 4-2. Control of Charge Relaxation; 4-2.1. Increase of Conductivity; 4-2.2. Charge Neutralizers; 4-3. Control of Personnel Charging; 4-3.1. Personnel Grounding; 4-3.2. Clothing; 4-3.3. Gloves; 4-4. Control of Flammable Atmospheres; 4-4.1. Liquid Nitrogen/Liquid Air Hazards; 5 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, VAPORS, AND GASES; 5-1. Ignition Hazards of Liquid Vapor and Mist; 5-1.1. Flammable Liquid; 5-1.2. Flammable Limits; 5-1.3. Liquid Mist; 5-1.4. Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) 327 $a5-1.5. Explosion Prevention Systems5-2. Generation and Relaxation (Loss) of Charge in Liquid Systems; 5-2.1. Charge Generation; 5-2.2. Charge Density; 5-2.3. Factors Influencing Charge Generation; 5-2.4. Charge Relaxation; 5-2.5. Classification of Liquids based on Conductivity; 5-2.6. Antistatic Additives; 5-2.7. Bonding and Grounding; 5-3. Flow in Pipe, Hose, and Tubing; 5-3.1. Metallic Piping Systems; 5-3.2. Nonconductive Pipe and Linings; 5-3.3. Flexible Hoses; 5-3.4. Dip Pipes; 5-3.5. Filters and Relaxation Tanks; 5-3.6. Suspended Material; 5-3.7. Valves and Other Line Restrictions 327 $a5-4. Filling Criteria for Tank Operations 330 $aWritten by Laurence Britton, who has over 20 years' experience in the fields of static ignition and process fire and explosion hazards research, this resource addresses an area not extensively covered in process safety standards or literature: understanding and reducing potential hazards associated with static electricity. The book covers the nature of static electricity, characteristics and effective energies of different static resources, techniques for evaluating static electricity hazards, general bonding, grounding, and other techniques used to control static or prevent ignition, gases an 410 0$aCCPS concept book. 606 $aElectrostatics 606 $aChemical plants$xSafety measures 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aElectrostatics. 615 0$aChemical plants$xSafety measures. 676 $a660.2804 676 $a660/.2804 700 $aBritton$b Laurence G.$f1951-$0946862 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910143239203321 996 $aAvoiding static ignition hazards in chemical operations$92139174 997 $aUNINA