LEADER 05439nam 2200733 a 450 001 9910142522303321 005 20170809155900.0 010 $a1-282-84929-8 010 $a9786612849299 010 $a0-470-93536-7 010 $a1-59124-559-1 010 $a0-470-93535-9 035 $a(CKB)111056552538578 035 $a(EBL)624630 035 $a(OCoLC)699474876 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000071892 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11109876 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000071892 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10091173 035 $a(PQKB)10782393 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC624630 035 $a(EXLCZ)99111056552538578 100 $a19990323d1998 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aEstimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud$b[electronic resource] /$fJohn L. Woodward 210 $aNew York $cCenter for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers$dc1998 215 $a1 online resource (326 p.) 225 1 $aCCPS concept book 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-8169-0778-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 267-284) and index. 327 $aEstimating the Flammable Mass of a Vapor Cloud; CONTENTS; Preface; Acknowledgments; Glossary; Nomenclature; 1 INTRODUCTION; 1.1. Why Calculate Flammable Mass?; 1.2. How Are Flammable Mass Estimates Used?; 1.3. Other CCPS Publications; 2 OVERVIEW; 2.1. Context; 2.2. Objectives; 1.3. How to Use This Book; 3 INDUSTRY EXPERIENCES WITH FLAMMABLE VAPOR CLOUDS; 3.1. Property Losses from Vapor Cloud Accidents; 3.2. Examples of Vapor Cloud Events; 3.2.1. Bangkok, Thailand, LPG Vapor Cloud; 3.2.2. Saint Herblain, France, Gasoline Cloud, October 7,1991 327 $a3.2.3. Pampa, Texas, Hoechst-Celanese Explosion, November 17,19873.2.4. Monsanto Ethanol Explosion, Autumn, 1970; 3.2.5. Mexico City Vapor Cloud and Explosion, November 19,1984; 3.2.6. Pasadena, Texas Fire and Explosion, October 23,1989; 3.3. Examples with Postaccident Determination of Flammable Mass; 3.3.1. Flixborough Vapor Cloud Explosion, June 1,1974; 3.3.2. Piper Alpha North Sea Platform Fire, July 6,1988; 3.3.3. DSM Naphtha Cracker, Beek, the Netherlands, 7 November 1975; 4 BASIC CONCEPTS-FLUID FLOW, FIRES, AND EXPLOSIONS; 4.1. Discharge Characteristics 327 $a4.1.1. Single-Phase Discharge Rates from Tanks4.1.2. Single-Phase Discharge Rates from Pipes; 4.1.3. Two-Phase Discharge Rates from Tanks; 4.1.4. Two-Phase Discharge Rates from Pipes; 4.1.5. Aerosol Formation and Drop Size Correlations; 4.1.6. Rainout; 4.1.7. Pool Spread and Evaporation on Land; 4.2. Dispersion Factors; 4.2.1. Jet Mixing; 4.2.2. Meteorology; 4.2.3. Surface Roughness and Terrain; 4.2.4. Averaging Time; 4.2.5. Impingement and Cratering; 4.2.6. Obstacle Effects; 4.3. Sources of Ignition; 4.4. Flame Characteristics; 4.4.1. Flammable Limits; 4.4.2. Flammable Limits with Inerts 327 $a4.4.3. Autoignition Temperature for Gases4.4.4. Minimum Ignition Energy for Gases; 4.4.5. Flash Point; 4.4.6. Laminar Burning Velocity and Turbulent Flame Speed; 4.5. Aerosol Flammability; 4.6. Turbulence Effects; 4.6.1. Turbulence Effects of Jet Plume Ignition; 4.6.2. Turbulence and Pockets of Flammable Material; 4.7. Flash Fires; 4.8. Explosions; 4.8.1. Confinement and Congestion; 4.8.2. Effect of Concentration on Explosion Overpressure; 4.8.3. TNT Equivalence Explosion Models; 4.8.4. Volume Source Explosion Models; 4.8.5. Determining Fuel Reactivity 327 $a4.8.6. Determining Degree of Confinement4.8.7. Determining Level of Congestion; 4.8.8. Multiple Congested Volumes; 4.9. Minimum Flammable Mass for Vapor Cloud Explosions; 4.10. Probability of Vapor Cloud Ignition and Explosion; 5 DETERMINATION OF FLAMMABLE MASS; 5.1. Estimation Methods by Degree of Confinement; 5.2. Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Unconfined Vapor Clouds; 5.2.1. Screening: Rules of Thumb; 5.2.2. Calculating Flammable Mass with Dispersion Models; 5.3. Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Partially Confined Vapor Clouds 327 $a5.3.1. Estimating Flammable Mass for Potential Explosion Sites 330 $aThis CCPS Concept book shows designers and operators of chemical facilities how to realistically estimate the flammable mass in a cloud of accidentally released material that is capable of igniting. It provides information on industry experience with flammable vapor clouds, basic concepts of fires and explosions, and an overview of related computer programs. 410 0$aCCPS concept book. 606 $aVapors$xFlammability$xMathematical models 606 $aExplosions$xMathematical models 606 $aFire$xMathematical models 606 $aChemical plants$xSafety measures 606 $aFlammable gases 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aVapors$xFlammability$xMathematical models. 615 0$aExplosions$xMathematical models. 615 0$aFire$xMathematical models. 615 0$aChemical plants$xSafety measures. 615 0$aFlammable gases. 676 $a660.2804 676 $a660/.2804 700 $aWoodward$b John Lowell$0856084 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910142522303321 996 $aEstimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud$91911294 997 $aUNINA