LEADER 01002nas 2200385 c 450 001 9910142363803321 005 20181227142250.0 035 $a(CKB)1000000000529613 035 $a(DE-599)ZDB2296425-3 035 $a(OCoLC)642974647 035 $a(DE-101)984060006 035 $a(EXLCZ)991000000000529613 100 $a20070504b19201938 |y | 101 0 $ager 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aJu?dische Presse$eOrgan fu?r die Interessen des orthodoxen Judentums 210 31$aWien$d1920-1938 215 $aOnline-Ressource 300 $aGesehen am 04.05.07 517 $aJüdische Presse 608 $aZeitung$2gnd-content 676 $a070 676 $a290 676 $a940 686 $aJUDAICA$qDE-30$2fid 801 0$b0019 801 1$bDE-101 801 2$b0030 906 $aJOURNAL 912 $a9910142363803321 996 $aJu?dische Presse$92001417 997 $aUNINA LEADER 03893nam 2200397z- 450 001 9910346754403321 005 20231214133721.0 035 $a(CKB)4920000000094170 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/60150 035 $a(EXLCZ)994920000000094170 100 $a20202102d2019 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aStructure and Function of Chloroplasts 210 $cFrontiers Media SA$d2019 215 $a1 electronic resource (279 p.) 225 1 $aFrontiers Research Topics 311 $a2-88945-713-3 330 $aChloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. By doing so, they sustain life on Earth. Chloroplasts also provide diverse metabolic activities for plant cells, including the synthesis of fatty acids, membrane lipids, isoprenoids, tetrapyrroles, starch, and hormones. The biogenesis, morphogenesis, protection and senescence of chloroplasts are essential for maintaining a proper structure and function of chloroplasts, which will be the theme of this Research Topic. Chloroplasts are enclosed by an envelope of two membranes which encompass a third complex membrane system, the thylakoids, including grana and lamellae. In addition, starch grains, plastoglobules, stromules, eyespots, pyrenoids, etc. are also important structures of chloroplasts. It is widely accepted that chloroplasts evolved from a free-living photosynthetic cyanobacterium, which was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell. Chloroplasts retain a minimal genome, most of the chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and the gene products are transported into the chloroplast through complex import machinery. The coordination of nuclear and plastid genome expressions establishes the framework of both anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways. As the leaf develops from the shoot apical meristem, proplastids and etioplastids differentiate into chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are divided by a huge protein complex, also called the plastid-dividing (PD) machinery, and their division is also regulated by many factors to get an optimized number and size of chloroplasts in the cell. These processes are fundamental for the biogenesis and three-dimensional dynamic structure of chloroplasts. During the photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other cellular signals can be made. As an important metabolic hub of the plant cell, the chloroplast health has been found critical for a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, high light, cold, heat, oxidative stresses, phosphate deprivation, and programmed cell death at sites of infection. Therefore, a better understanding the responses of chloroplasts to these stresses is part of knowing how the plant itself responds. Ultimately, this knowledge will be necessary to engineer crops more resistant to common stresses. With the current global environment changes, world population growth, and the pivotal role of chloroplasts in carbon metabolism, it is of great significance to represent the advancement in this field, for science and society. Tremendous progresses have been made in the field of chloroplast biology in recent years. Through concerted efforts from the community, greater discoveries definitely will emerge in the future. 610 $aenvelope 610 $adevelopment 610 $achloroplast 610 $athylakoid 610 $aPhotosynthesis 610 $aLipid 700 $aFei Yu$4auth$01279437 702 $aRebecca L. Roston$4auth 702 $aJuliette Jouhet$4auth 702 $aHongbo Gao$4auth 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910346754403321 996 $aStructure and Function of Chloroplasts$93015376 997 $aUNINA