LEADER 01985nam 2200373 450 001 9910138140403321 005 20230226201918.0 035 $a(CKB)3230000000016218 035 $a(NjHacI)993230000000016218 035 $a(EXLCZ)993230000000016218 100 $a20230226d2006 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur||||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 13$aAn age perspective on economic well-being and social protection in nine OECD countries /$fThai-Thanh Dang [and four others] 210 1$aParis :$cOECD Publishing,$d[2006] 210 4$dİ2006 215 $a1 online resource (56 pages) 225 1 $aOECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers ;$vNumber 34 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 330 $aFor a number of reasons, incomes vary strongly with age. The nature of this variation is of interest for a wide range of policy purposes. Since age structures differ across countries, knowledge about the incomes earned by different age groups is also necessary for understanding and interpreting international comparisons of overall inequality. This paper quantifies the economic well-being of different age groups and the extent to which they rely on incomes from public and private sources. The analysis aims at establishing how social benefits, and the taxes needed to finance them, affect income levels and income disparities across different age groups. Results are compared across nine OECD countries. 410 0$aOECD social, employment, and migration working papers ;$vNumber 34. 606 $aWell-being$xAge factors 615 0$aWell-being$xAge factors. 676 $a305.2 700 $aDang$b Thai-Thanh$01320293 801 0$bNjHacI 801 1$bNjHacl 906 $aDOCUMENT 912 $a9910138140403321 996 $aAn age perspective on economic well-being and social protection in nine OECD countries$93034151 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04485nam 22004815 450 001 9910255454403321 005 20200703011434.0 010 $a1-84882-742-3 024 7 $a10.1007/978-1-84882-742-4 035 $a(CKB)4100000001794976 035 $a(DE-He213)978-1-84882-742-4 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC5219479 035 $a(PPN)223953814 035 $a(EXLCZ)994100000001794976 100 $a20180112d2017 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn#008mamaa 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aCalculation and Computation in the Pre-electronic Era $eThe Mechanical and Electrical Ages /$fby Aristotle Tympas 205 $a1st ed. 2017. 210 1$aLondon :$cSpringer London :$cImprint: Springer,$d2017. 215 $a1 online resource (XIV, 243 p. 23 illus.) 225 1 $aHistory of Computing,$x2190-6831 311 $a1-84882-741-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aIntroduction -- The Delights of the Slide Rule -- Lighting Calculations Lightened -- Like the Poor, the Harmonics Will Always Be With Us -- The Inner Satisfaction That Comes With Each Use of the Alignment Chart -- The Appearance of a Neatly Finished Box -- Conclusion. 330 $aAlthough it is popularly assumed that the history of computing before the second half of the 20th century was unimportant, in fact the Industrial Revolution was made possible and even sustained by a parallel revolution in computing technology. An examination and historiographical assessment of key developments helps to show how the era of modern electronic computing proceeded from a continual computing revolution that had arisen during the mechanical and the electrical ages. This unique volume introduces the history of computing during the ?first? (steam) and ?second? (electricity) segments of the Industrial Revolution, revealing how this history was pivotal to the emergence of electronic computing and what many historians see as signifying a shift to a post-industrial society. It delves into critical developments before the electronic era, focusing on those of the mechanical era (from the emergence of the steam engine to that of the electric power network) and the electrical era (from the emergence of the electric power network to that of electronic computing). In so doing, it provides due attention to the demarcations between?and associated classifications of?artifacts for calculation during these respective eras. In turn, it emphasizes the history of comparisons between these artifacts. Topics and Features: motivates exposition through a firm historiographical argument of important developments explores the history of the slide rule and its use in the context of electrification examines the roles of analyzers, graphs, and a whole range of computing artifacts hitherto placed under the allegedly inferior class of analog computers shows how the analog and the digital are really inseparable, with perceptions thereof depending on either a full or a restricted view of the computing process investigates socially situated comparisons of computing history, including the effects of a political economy of computing (one that takes into account cost and ownership of computing artifacts) assesses concealment of analog-machine labor through encasement (?black-boxing?) Historians of computing, as well as those of technology and science (especially, energy), will find this well-argued and presented history of calculation and computation in the mechanical and electrical eras an indispensable resource. The work is a natural textbook companion for history of computing courses, and will also appeal to the broader readership of curious computer scientists and engineers, as well as those who generally just have a yearn to learn the contextual background to the current digital age. 410 0$aHistory of Computing,$x2190-6831 606 $aComputers 606 $aHistory of Computing$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I24024 615 0$aComputers. 615 14$aHistory of Computing. 676 $a004.09 700 $aTympas$b Aristotle$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$01059315 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910255454403321 996 $aCalculation and Computation in the Pre-electronic Era$92505276 997 $aUNINA