LEADER 03596nam 2200445z- 450 001 9910136798703321 005 20210212 035 $a(CKB)3710000000631135 035 $a(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/58943 035 $a(oapen)doab58943 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000631135 100 $a20202102d2015 |y 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurmn|---annan 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 00$aThe Schistosomiasis Vaccine - It Is Time to Stand Up 210 $cFrontiers Media SA$d2015 215 $a1 online resource (82 p.) 225 1 $aFrontiers Research Topics 311 08$a2-88919-741-7 330 $aSchistosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease, endemic in 74 developing countries with up to 600 million people, including many children, infected and 800 million at risk of contracting the disease following infection with Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium or S. japonicum. Disease burden is estimated to exceed 70 million disability-adjusted life-years, and leads to remarkably high YLD (years lived with disability) rates. Even more importantly, people with schistosomiasis are highly susceptible to malaria, tuberculosis and hepatic and acquired immunodeficiency viruses. There is only one drug, praziquantel, currently available for treatment and it has high efficacy, low cost, and limited side effects. However, only 13% of the target population has received the drug, and those treated are at continuous risk of reinfection necessitating repeated drug administration and the emergence of drug resistant parasites is a constant threat. There currently is no vaccine. While the target of >40% protection has been achieved with some molecules such as excretory-secretory proteins including calpain, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and cysteine peptidases, very recent articles reiterate the findings published during the last 2 decades of the last century, contradicting the established data of the pioneers of schistosome biology. A consensus should be reached without delay, in order to propose collaborative independent experiments and proceed ahead to pre- and clinical trials with efficacious candidate vaccine molecules. The proposed plan aims to finally reach an objective and fruitful agreement , via inviting established and young researchers from the United States, Brazil, China, Australia, and Europe who are working with different vaccine antigens, adjuvants, and approaches for immunization against S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. It is hoped that the forum will end with a very few candidate antigens and a consensus approach regarding target immune responses, thus leading to encouraging the World Health Organization and other international foundations to sponsor the development and implementation of the urgently required, yet still elusive, vaccine for preventing and eliminating the transmission of schistosomiasis. 606 $aMedicine and Nursing$2bicssc 610 $aImmune responses 610 $aSchistosoma haematobium 610 $aSchistosoma japonicum 610 $aSchistosoma mansoni 610 $aSchistosomiasis 610 $aType 2 cytokines 610 $aVaccine 610 $aVaccine candidates 615 7$aMedicine and Nursing 700 $aAhmad Ali Othman$4auth$01278948 702 $aDonald McManus$4auth 702 $aRashika El Ridi$4auth 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910136798703321 996 $aThe Schistosomiasis Vaccine - It Is Time to Stand Up$93014275 997 $aUNINA