LEADER 05840oam 22008055 450 001 9910962947103321 005 20240405001348.0 010 $a9781464802645 010 $a1464802645 024 7 $a10.1596/978-1-4648-0263-8 035 $a(CKB)3710000000140879 035 $a(EBL)1744227 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001235006 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11654305 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001235006 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11222537 035 $a(PQKB)10315640 035 $a(DLC) 2014020753 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1744227 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10886443 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL627748 035 $a(OCoLC)880672247 035 $a(The World Bank)18161888 035 $a(US-djbf)18161888 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1744227 035 $a(Perlego)1484118 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000140879 100 $a20140523d2014 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cn$2rdamedia 183 $anc$2rdacarrier 200 10$aSticky feet $ehow labor market frictions shape the impact of international trade on jobs and wages /$fClaire H. Hollweg, Daniel Lederman, Diego Rojas, Elizabeth Ruppert Bulmer 205 $a1st ed. 210 1$aWashington, DC :$cWorld Bank,$d[2014] 215 $a1 online resource (pages cm) 225 1 $aDirections in Development 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 08$a9781464802638 311 08$a1464802637 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references. 327 $aFront Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Linking Trade Reforms and Labor Outcomes; Two Cost Metrics: Labor Mobility and Labor Adjustment; Analytical Tools; Main Findings; Policy Implications; Note; References; Chapter 1 Introduction; Overview; Labor Mobility and Labor Adjustment Costs Defined; Box 1.1 Estimating Labor Mobility and Adjustment Costs Using a Structural Choice Model; Measurement Challenges; Box; Table 1.1 Analytical Tools for Estimating Labor Mobility and Adjustment Costs; Tables; Scope of the Report; References 327 $aChapter 2 Workers' Sticky Feet, Not Rusty Firms: Evidence from the Literature Abstract; Figure 2.1 Marginal Responses of Average Employment to Aggregate Shocks Are Significant; Figure 2.2 Firm Labor Adjustment Costs Are Lower in Developing Countries; Figures; Notes; References; Chapter 3 Mapping Labor Mobility and Labor Adjustment Costs around the World; Abstract; Labor Mobility Costs around the World; Figure 3.1 A Graphic Representation of Labor Mobility Costs; Table 3.1 Average Labor Mobility Costs in Developing and Developed Countries; Correlates of Labor Mobility Costs 327 $aMap 3.1 Average Labor Mobility Costs Figure 3.2 Labor Mobility Costs Are Correlated with Country Characteristics; Map; Mobility Costs in Action: Simulations of Adjustment Dynamics; Figure 3.3 Average Real Wages Tend to Recover after Trade Liberalization but Take Time to Return to Steady State; Labor Adjustment Costs: How Much Are Workers Losing Out?; Figure 3.4 Forgone Gains from Trade Rise with Mobility Costs; Notes; References; Chapter 4 Mobility Costs, Adjustment Costs, and Employment Structure in Developing Economies: Four Case Studies; Abstract 327 $aFirm Costs versus Worker Costs: The Case of Argentina Figure 4.1 Argentina's Sluggish Economic Responses under Costly Capital and Labor Adjustment; Table 4.1 Firm Behavior with and without Capital Adjustment Costs: Firms Adjust Capital by More, and More Quickly without Adjustment Costs, but Not Labor; Labor Mobility Costs across Industries: The Case of Mexico; Table 4.2 Gross Flows of Formal Sector Workers across Industries Are Similar in the United States and Mexico; Table 4.3 Labor Mobility Costs Are Higher in Mexico than the United States 327 $aTable 4.4 Labor Mobility Costs in Mexico: Do Skills Play a Role?Role of Informal Employment: The Cases of Brazil, Mexico, and Morocco; Table 4.5 Informality as an Entry Point into Employment: Worker Transitions in Morocco, Mexico, and Brazil; Table 4.6 Stepping-Stone Sectors to Formality: Labor Mobility Cost Estimates for Morocco, Mexico, and Brazil; Figure 4.2 Informal Employment Increases after a Positive Trade Shock because Previously Inactive Workers Enter the Labor Force; Role of Firm Size: The Cases of Costa Rica and Morocco 327 $aFigure 4.3 Does Firm Size Affect Labor Mobility Costs in Costa Rica and Morocco? 330 $aThe analysis in this report confirms the findings of previous studies that trade liberalization improves aggregate welfare and is in the long run associated with higher employment and wages. The analysis addresses a major gap in the literature, which has heretofore provided limited evidence about the trade-related adjustment costs faced by workers in developing countries and how they are affected by mobility costs. Labor market frictions reduce the potential gains from trade reform. 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