LEADER 08854nam 22006735 450 001 9910478881703321 005 20210803193015.0 010 $a1-4613-0491-1 024 7 $a10.1007/978-1-4613-0491-3 035 $a(CKB)3400000000091743 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001006873 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11527378 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001006873 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10935173 035 $a(PQKB)10139091 035 $a(DE-He213)978-1-4613-0491-3 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3077317 035 $a(EXLCZ)993400000000091743 100 $a20121227d1992 u| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurnn#008mamaa 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aScanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis$b[electronic resource] $eA Text for Biologists, Materials Scientists, and Geologists /$fby Joseph Goldstein, Dale E. Newbury, Patrick Echlin, David C. Joy, Alton D. Romig Jr., Charles E. Lyman, Charles Fiori, Eric Lifshin 205 $a2nd ed. 1992. 210 1$aNew York, NY :$cSpringer US :$cImprint: Springer,$d1992. 215 $a1 online resource (840 p.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-306-44175-6 311 $a1-4612-7653-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index 327 $a1. Introduction -- 1.1. Evolution of the Scanning Electron Microscope -- 1.2. Evolution of the Electron Probe Microanalyzer -- 1.3. Outline of This Book -- 2. Electron Optics -- 2.1. How the SEM Works -- 2.2. Electron Guns -- 2.3. Electron Lenses -- 2.4. Electron Probe Diameter versus Electron Probe Current -- 2.5. Summary of SEM Microscopy Modes -- 3. Electron-Specimen Interactions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Electron Scattering -- 3.3. Interaction Volume -- 3.4. Signals from Elastic Scattering -- 3.5. Signals from Inelastic Scattering -- 3.6. Summary -- 4. Image Formation and Interpretation -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The Basic SEM Imaging Process -- 4.3. Detectors -- 4.4. Image Contrast at Low Magnification (100,000x) -- 4.7. Image Processing for the Display of Contrast Information -- 4.8. Defects of the SEM Imaging Process -- 4.9. Special Topics in SEM Imaging -- 4.10. Developing a Comprehensive Imaging Strategy -- 5. X-Ray Spectral Measurement: WDS and EDS -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Wavelength-Dispersive Spectrometer -- 5.3. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer -- 5.4. Comparison of WDS and EDS -- Appendix: Initial Detector Setup and Testing -- 6. Qualitative X-Ray Analysis -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. EDS Qualitative Analysis -- 6.3. WDS Qualitative Analysis -- 6.4. Automatic Qualitative EDS Analysis -- 7. X-Ray Peak and Background Measurements -- 7.1. General Considerations for X-Ray Data Handling -- 7.2. Background Correction -- 7.3. Peak Overlap Correction -- 8. Quantitative X-Ray Analysis: The Basics -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Advantages of Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis in the SEM/EPMA -- 8.3. Quantitative Analysis Procedures -- 8.4. The Approach to X-Ray Quantitation: The Need for Matrix Corrections -- 8.5. The Physical Origin of Matrix Effects -- 8.6. X-Ray Production -- 8.7. ZAF Factors in Microanalysis -- 8.8. Types of Matrix Correction Schemes -- 8.9. Caveats -- 9. Quantitative X-Ray Analysis: Theory and Practice -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. ZAF Technique -- 9.3. ø; (?z) Technique -- 9.8. Special Sample Analysis -- 9.9. Precision and Sensitivity in X-Ray Analysis -- 9.10. Light-Element Analysis -- Appendix 9.1. Equations for the ?, ?, ?, and ø(0) Terms of the Packwood-Brown ø (?z) Equation -- Appendix 9.2. Solutions for the Atomic Number and Absorption Corrections -- 10. Compositional Imaging -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Analog X-Ray Area Scanning (Dot Mapping) -- 10.3. Digital Compositional Mapping. -- 11. Specimen Preparation for Inorganic Materials: Microstructural and Microchemical Analysis -- 11.1. Metals -- 11.2. Ceramics and Geological Specimens -- 11.3. Electronic Devices and Packages -- 11.4. Semiconductors -- 11.5. Sands, Soils, and Clays -- 11.6. Particles and Fibers -- 12. Sample Preparation for Biological, Organic, Polymeric, and Hydrated Materials -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Compromising the Electron-Beam Instrument -- 12.3. Compromising the Sample -- 12.4. Correlative Microscopy -- 12.5. Techniques for Structural Studies -- 12.6. Specimen Preparation for Localization of Metabolic Activity and Chemical Specificity -- 12.7 Preparative Procedures for Organic Samples Such as Polymers, Plastics, and Paints -- 12.8. Low-Temperature Specimen Preparation for Structural and Analytical Studies -- 12.9. Damage, Artifact, and Interpretation -- 12.10. Specific Preparative Procedures: A Bibliography -- 13. Coating and Conductivity Techniques for SEM and Microanalysis -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Specimen Characteristics -- 13.3. Untreated Specimens -- 13.4. Bulk Conductivity Staining Methods -- 13.5. Specimen Mounting Procedures -- 13.6. Thin-Film Methods -- 13.7. Thermal Evaporation -- 13.8. Sputter Coating -- 13.9. Specialized Coating Methods -- 13.10. Determination of Coating Thickness -- 13.11. Artifacts Related to Coating and Bulk-Conductivity Procedures -- 13.12. Conclusions -- 14 Data Base -- Table 14.1. Atomic Number, Atomic Weight, and Density of Elements -- Table 14.2. Common Oxides of the Elements -- Table 14.3. Mass Absorption Coefficients for ? Lines -- Table 14.4. Mass Absorption Coefficients for ? Lines -- Table 14.5. Mass Absorption Coefficients for ? Lines -- Table 14.6. K Series X-Ray Wavelengths and Energies -- Table 14.7. L Series X-Ray Wavelengths and Energies ! -- Table 14.8. M Series X-Ray Wavelengths and Energies -- Table 14.9. J and Fluorescent Yield (?) by Atomic Number -- Table 14.10. Important Properties of Selected Coating Elements -- References. 330 $aIn the last decade, since the publication of the first edition of Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis, there has been a great expansion in the capabilities of the basic SEM and EPMA. High­ resolution imaging has been developed with the aid of an extensive range of field emission gun (FEG) microscopes. The magnification ranges of these instruments now overlap those of the transmission electron microscope. Low-voltage microscopy using the FEG now allows for the observation of noncoated samples. In addition, advances in the develop­ ment of x-ray wavelength and energy dispersive spectrometers allow for the measurement of low-energy x-rays, particularly from the light elements (B, C, N, 0). In the area of x-ray microanalysis, great advances have been made, particularly with the "phi rho z" [Ij)(pz)] technique for solid samples, and with other quantitation methods for thin films, particles, rough surfaces, and the light elements. In addition, x-ray imaging has advanced from the conventional technique of "dot mapping" to the method of quantitative compositional imaging. Beyond this, new software has allowed the development of much more meaningful displays for both imaging and quantitative analysis results and the capability for integrating the data to obtain specific information such as precipitate size, chemical analysis in designated areas or along specific directions, and local chemical inhomogeneities. 606 $aEarth sciences 606 $aDevelopmental biology 606 $aMaterials science 606 $aEarth Sciences, general$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/G00002 606 $aDevelopmental Biology$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/L18000 606 $aCharacterization and Evaluation of Materials$3https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/Z17000 615 0$aEarth sciences. 615 0$aDevelopmental biology. 615 0$aMaterials science. 615 14$aEarth Sciences, general. 615 24$aDevelopmental Biology. 615 24$aCharacterization and Evaluation of Materials. 676 $a550 700 $aGoldstein$b Joseph$f1939-2015,$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut$0924643 702 $aNewbury$b Dale E$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aEchlin$b Patrick$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aJoy$b David C$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aRomig Jr$b Alton D$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aLyman$b Charles E$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aFiori$b Charles$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 702 $aLifshin$b Eric$4aut$4http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910478881703321 996 $aScanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis$92075510 997 $aUNINA LEADER 06209nam 22005773u 450 001 9910131575003321 005 20210208121950.0 010 $a1-119-05782-5 010 $a1-119-05781-7 010 $a1-119-05780-9 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC2038582 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4040844 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC4739940 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL2038582 035 $a(OCoLC)910009560 035 $a(PPN)243163215 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000464085 100 $a20200403d2015 |y| 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aRisk analysis /$fTerje Aven 205 $a2nd ed. 210 1$aChichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom :$cJohn Wiley & Sons,$d2015. 215 $a1 online resource (212 p.) 311 $a1-119-05779-5 327 $aCover; Title Page; Copyright; Contents; Preface; Chapter 1 What is a risk analysis?; 1.1 Why risk analysis?; 1.2 Risk management; 1.2.1 Decision-making under uncertainty; 1.3 Examples: decision situations; 1.3.1 Risk analysis for a tunnel; 1.3.2 Risk analysis for an offshore installation; 1.3.3 Risk analysis related to a cash depot; Chapter 2 What is risk?; 2.1 The risk concept and its description; 2.2 Vulnerability; 2.3 How to describe risk quantitatively; 2.3.1 Description of risk in a financial context; 2.3.2 Description of risk in a safety context; 2.4 Qualitative judgementsChapter 3 The risk analysis process: planning3.1 Problem definition; 3.2 Selection of analysis method; 3.2.1 Checklist-based approach; 3.2.2 Risk-based approach; Chapter 4 The risk analysis process: risk assessment; 4.1 Identification of initiating events; 4.2 Cause analysis; 4.3 Consequence analysis; 4.4 Probabilities and uncertainties; 4.5 Risk picture: risk presentation; 4.5.1 Handling the background knowledge; 4.5.2 Risk evaluation; Chapter 5 The risk analysis process: risk treatment; 5.1 Comparisons of alternatives; 5.1.1 How to assess measures?; 5.2 Management review and judgementChapter 6 Risk analysis methods6.1 Coarse risk analysis; 6.2 Job safety analysis; 6.3 Failure modes and effects analysis; 6.3.1 Strengths and weaknesses of an FMEA; 6.4 Hazard and operability studies; 6.5 SWIFT; 6.6 Fault tree analysis; 6.6.1 Qualitative analysis; 6.6.2 Quantitative analysis; 6.7 Event tree analysis; 6.7.1 Barrier block diagrams; 6.8 Bayesian networks; 6.9 Monte Carlo simulation; Chapter 7 Safety measures for a road tunnel; 7.1 Planning; 7.1.1 Problem definition; 7.1.2 Selection of analysis method; 7.2 Risk assessment; 7.2.1 Identification of initiating events7.2.2 Cause analysis7.2.3 Consequence analysis; 7.2.4 Risk picture; 7.3 Risk treatment; 7.3.1 Comparison of alternatives; 7.3.2 Management review and decision; Chapter 8 Risk analysis process for an offshore installation; 8.1 Planning; 8.1.1 Problem definition; 8.1.2 Selection of analysis method; 8.2 Risk analysis; 8.2.1 Hazard identification; 8.2.2 Cause analysis; 8.2.3 Consequence analysis; 8.3 Risk picture and comparison of alternatives; 8.4 Management review and judgement; Chapter 9 Production assurance; 9.1 Planning; 9.2 Risk analysis; 9.2.1 Identification of failures9.2.2 Cause analysis9.2.3 Consequence analysis; 9.3 Risk picture and comparison of alternatives; 9.4 Management review and judgement. Decision; Chapter 10 Risk analysis process for a cash depot; 10.1 Planning; 10.1.1 Problem definition; 10.1.2 Selection of analysis method; 10.2 Risk analysis; 10.2.1 Identification of hazards and threats; 10.2.2 Cause analysis; 10.2.3 Consequence analysis; 10.3 Risk picture; 10.4 Risk-reducing measures; 10.4.1 Relocation of the NOKAS facility; 10.4.2 Erection of a wall; 10.5 Management review and judgement. Decision; 10.6 DiscussionChapter 11 Risk analysis process for municipalities 330 $aRisk Analysis, Second Edition   Terje Aven, University of Stavanger, Norway   A practical guide to the varied challenges presented in the ever-growing field of risk analysis.   Risk Analysis presents an accessible and concise guide to performing risk analysis, in a wide variety of field, with minimal prior knowledge required. Forming an ideal companion volume to Aven's previous Wiley text Foundations of Risk Analysis, it provides clear recommendations and guidance in the planning, execution anduse of risk analysis.   This new edition presents recent developments related to risk conceptualization, focusing on related issues on risk assessment and their application. New examples are also featured to clarify the reader's understanding in the application of risk analysis and the risk analysis process.     Key features: Fully updated to include recent developments related to risk conceptualization and related issues on risk assessments and their applications. Emphasizes the decision making context of risk analysis rather than just computing probabilities Demonstrates how to carry out predictive risk analysis using a variety of case studies and examples. Written by an experienced expert in the field, in a style suitable for both industrial and academic audiences.   This book is ideal for advanced undergraduates, graduates, analysts and researchers from statistics, engineering, finance, medicine and physical sciences. Managers facing decision making problems involving risk and uncertainty will also benefit from this book. 606 $aRisk assessment$xMathematical models 606 $aRisk$xMathematical models 606 $aUncertainty$xMathematical models 606 $aAnalyse des risques$9fre$2ECLAS 606 $arisk management$9eng$2eurovoc 606 $aModèles mathématiques$9fre$2ECLAS 615 0$aRisk assessment$xMathematical models. 615 0$aRisk$xMathematical models. 615 0$aUncertainty$xMathematical models. 615 7$aAnalyse des risques 615 7$arisk management 615 7$aModèles mathématiques 676 $a338.5 700 $aAven$b Terje$044036 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910131575003321 996 $aRisk analysis$9835661 997 $aUNINA