LEADER 04554nam 2200625 450 001 9910460808903321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a92-2-128665-7 035 $a(CKB)3710000000346948 035 $a(EBL)1936487 035 $a(SSID)ssj0001468822 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11790611 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001468822 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)11525818 035 $a(PQKB)11590024 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC1936487 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL1936487 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr11018272 035 $a(OCoLC)905859438 035 $a(EXLCZ)993710000000346948 100 $a20150224h20152015 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcnu|||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 00$aGlobal wage report 2014/15 $ewages and income inequality 210 1$aGeneva, Switzerland :$cInternational Labour Office,$d2015. 210 4$d©2015 215 $a1 online resource (132 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a92-2-128664-9 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aPreface; CONTENTS; Acknowledgements; Executive summary; Part I. Major trends in wages; 1 Introduction ; 2 Trends in average wage growth in the global economy ; 3 Developed economies ; 3.1 Average wages: Some variation across countries ; 3.2 Productivity outstrips wage growth in developed economies ; 3.3 Labour income shares ; 4 Trends in emerging and developing economies ; 4.1 Higher wage growth ; 4.2 Labour income share can decline despite high wage growth ; 5 Towards a progressive convergence in average wages? ; Part II. Wages and income inequality 327 $a6 Introduction: The role of wages in household income inequality 6.1 The context: Long-term inequality on the rise in many countries since the 1980's ; 6.2 The range of policy responses to inequality ; 7.1 Measuring "top-bottom" and "middle-class" inequality ; 7 Mixed recent trends in income inequality ; 7.2 Developed economies: Mixed inequality trends in a context of generally flat or declining income; 7.3 Emerging and developing economies: Varying inequality in a context of generally increasing income; 8 Inequality: The role of wages and paid employment 327 $a8.1 Analysing how wages affect changes in inequality 8.2 The labour market effect: Wage effect plus employment effect ; 8.3 Developed economies: Job losses and wage cuts as the major factors in changes in inequality ; 8.4 Emerging and developing economies: A major role for labour market effects ; 9 Relating inequality to sources of income ; 9.1 Developed economies: Disaggregating income sources ; 9.2 Emerging and developing economies: A varied and evolving picture ; 10 Wage gaps: Which workers earn less than others, and why? ; 10.1 The gender wage gap ; 10.2 The migrant wage gap 327 $a10.3 The informal economy wage gap Part III. Policy responses to address wages and inequality; 11 Introduction: The policy challenge ; 12 Labour market policies to address wages and inequality (primary distribution) ; 12.1 The role of policies to affect wages and wage distribution directly ; 12.2 The role of policies to affect wages and wage distribution indirectly ; 13 Fiscal policies to address wages and inequality (secondary distribution) ; 13.1 The role of taxes ; 13.2 The role of social protection and its relationship to labour market policies 327 $a14 Conclusion: Combined policy actions can address inequality, promote employment and support aggreg Appendixes; Appendix I. Global wage trends: Methodological issues; Appendix II. Definitions, concepts and data issues ; Appendix III. Changes in household income inequality ; Appendix IV. Decomposing wage gaps ; Notes; Bibliography 330 $aThe Global Wage Report analyses the evolution of real wages around the world, giving a unique picture of wage trends and relative purchasing power globally and by region. The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. 606 $aCollective bargaining 606 $aIncome distribution 606 $aMinimum wage 608 $aElectronic books. 615 0$aCollective bargaining. 615 0$aIncome distribution. 615 0$aMinimum wage. 676 $a331.88 712 02$aInternational Labour Office. 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910460808903321 996 $aGlobal wage report 2014$92238407 997 $aUNINA LEADER 05337nam 2200637Ia 450 001 9910130865303321 005 20240516064312.0 010 $a1-283-40566-0 010 $a9786613405661 010 $a1-118-30297-4 010 $a1-119-99731-3 010 $a1-119-99836-0 035 $a(CKB)3460000000003363 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000476964 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11317149 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000476964 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10502253 035 $a(PQKB)10686836 035 $a(OCoLC)760886334 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC699505 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL699505 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10510633 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL340566 035 $a(EXLCZ)993460000000003363 100 $a20110105d2011 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aElements of modern X-ray physics /$fJens Als-Nielsen, Des McMorrow 205 $a2nd ed. 210 $aChichester, West Sussex $cJohn Wiley$d2011 215 $axii, 419 p. $cill. (some col.) 300 $aBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph 311 $a0-470-97394-3 311 $a0-470-97395-1 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aCover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Preface to the first edition -- Acknowledgements from the first edition -- Notes on the use of this book -- Chapter 1 X-rays and their interaction with matter -- 1.1 X-rays: waves and photons -- 1.2 Scattering -- 1.3 Absorption -- 1.4 Refraction and reflection -- 1.5 Coherence -- 1.6 Magnetic interactions -- 1.7 Further reading -- Chapter 2 Sources -- 2.1 Early history and the X-ray tube -- 2.2 Introduction to synchrotron radiation -- 2.3 Synchrotron radiation from a circular arc -- 2.4 Undulator radiation -- 2.5 Wiggler radiation -- 2.6 Free-electron lasers -- 2.7 Compact light sources -- 2.8 Coherence volume and photon degeneracy -- 2.9 Further reading -- 2.10 Exercises -- Chapter 3 Refraction and reflection from interfaces -- 3.1 Refraction and phase shift in scattering -- 3.2 Refractive index and scattering length density -- 3.3 Refractive index including absorption -- 3.4 Snell's law and the Fresnel equations in the X-ray region -- 3.5 Reflection from a homogeneous slab -- 3.6 Specular reflection from multilayers -- 3.7 Reflectivity from a graded interface -- 3.8 Rough interfaces and surfaces -- 3.9 Examples of reflectivity studies -- 3.10 X-ray optics -- 3.11 Further reading -- 3.12 Exercises -- Chapter 4 Kinematical scattering I: non-crystalline materials -- 4.1 Two electrons -- 4.2 Scattering from an atom -- 4.3 Scattering from a molecule -- 4.4 Scattering from liquids and glasses -- 4.5 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) -- 4.6 Further reading -- 4.7 Exercises -- Chapter 5 Kinematical scattering II: crystalline order -- 5.1 Scattering from a crystal -- 5.2 Quasiperiodic structures -- 5.3 Crystal truncation rods -- 5.4 Lattice vibrations, the Debye-Waller factor and TDS -- 5.5 The measured intensity from a crystallite -- 5.6 Applications of kinematical diffraction. 327 $a5.7 Further reading -- 5.8 Exercises -- Chapter 6 Diffraction by perfect crystals -- 6.1 One atomic layer: reflection and transmission -- 6.2 Kinematical reflection from a few layers -- 6.3 Darwin theory and dynamical diffraction -- 6.4 The Darwin reflectivity curve -- 6.5 DuMond diagrams -- 6.6 Further reading -- 6.7 Exercises -- Chapter 7 Photoelectric absorption -- 7.1 X-ray absorption by an isolated atom -- 7.2 EXAFS and near-edge structure -- 7.3 X-ray dichroism -- 7.4 ARPES -- 7.5 Further reading -- 7.6 Exercises -- Chapter 8 Resonant scattering -- 8.1 The forced charged oscillator model -- 8.2 The atom as an assembly of oscillators -- 8.3 The Kramers-Kronig relations -- 8.4 Numerical estimate of f -- 8.5 Breakdown of Friedel's law and Bijvoet pairs -- 8.6 The phase problem in crystallography -- 8.7 Quantum mechanical description -- 8.8 Further reading -- 8.9 Exercises -- Chapter 9 Imaging -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Absorption contrast imaging -- 9.3 Phase contrast imaging -- 9.4 Coherent diffraction imaging -- 9.5 Holography -- 9.6 Further reading -- 9.7 Exercises -- A Scattering and absorption cross-sections -- B Classical electric dipole radiation -- C Quantization of the electromagnetic field -- D Gaussian statistics -- E Fourier transforms -- F Comparison of X-rays with neutrons -- G MATLAB® computer programs -- H Answers to exercises and hints -- Bibliography -- Index -- List of symbols -- EULA. 330 $a"Although the book has been written from the perspective of two physicists, we hope that it will be useful to the wider community of biologists, chemists, material scientists, etc., who work at synchrotron radiation facilities around the world"--$cProvided by publisher. 606 $aX-rays 606 $aElectromagnetic waves 615 0$aX-rays. 615 0$aElectromagnetic waves. 676 $a539.7/222 686 $aSCI077000$2bisacsh 700 $aAls-Nielsen$b J$g(Jens),$f1937-$0914386 701 $aMcMorrow$b Des$0914387 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910130865303321 996 $aElements of modern X-ray physics$92048554 997 $aUNINA