LEADER 01470cam0-22005051i-450- 001 990006845230403321 005 20130619110346.0 010 $a88-430-0492-1 035 $a000684523 035 $aFED01000684523 035 $a(Aleph)000684523FED01 035 $a000684523 100 $a20010426d1997----km-y0itay50------ba 101 0 $aita 102 $aIT 105 $ay-------001yy 200 1 $aIstituzioni economiche e Mezzogiorno$eanalisi delle politiche di sviluppo$fAlfredo Del Monte, Adriano Giannola 210 $aRoma$cNis$d1997 215 $a440 p.$d22 cm 225 1 $aStudi superiori NIS$v315 610 0 $aItalia meridionale$aSviluppo economico 610 0 $aMEZZOGIORNO. POLITICHE DI SVILUPPO 676 $aF/1.4113 676 $aF/3.2 676 $a338.9457$v21$zita 700 1$aDel Monte,$bAlfredo$0619 701 1$aGiannola,$bAdriano$f<1943- >$0333387 801 0$aIT$bUNINA$gRICA$2UNIMARC 901 $aBK 912 $a990006845230403321 952 $a1033 sez. Andriello$b1033$fDARPU 952 $aCOLLEZ. 971 (315)$b30078$fFSPBC 952 $aXV R 652$b66$fDTE 952 $aF/1.4113 DEL$b17185$fSES 952 $aF/1.4113 DEL$fSES 952 $aO1-O2.106$b6728$fDECTS 952 $a338.94 DEL 1$bBIBL. 28297$fFLFBC 959 $aDARPU 959 $aFSPBC 959 $aDTE 959 $aSES 959 $aDECTS 959 $aFLFBC 996 $aIstituzioni economiche e Mezzogiorno$9626619 997 $aUNINA LEADER 04530nam 2200637 a 450 001 9910781361103321 005 20230721010228.0 010 $a0-8014-6172-3 024 7 $a10.7591/9780801461729 035 $a(CKB)2550000000035232 035 $a(OCoLC)732957168 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebrary10468070 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000542652 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11330267 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000542652 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10510598 035 $a(PQKB)10525483 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC3138191 035 $a(MdBmJHUP)muse28871 035 $a(DE-B1597)480030 035 $a(OCoLC)979575519 035 $a(DE-B1597)9780801461729 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL3138191 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10468070 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL823640 035 $a(EXLCZ)992550000000035232 100 $a20070524d2007 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aurcn||||||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aWild Yankees$b[electronic resource] $ethe struggle for independence along Pennsylvania's revolutionary frontier /$fPaul B. Moyer 210 $aIthaca $cCornell University Press$d2007 215 $a1 online resource (232 p.) 300 $aOriginally presented as the author's thesis (Ph. D.)--College of William and Mary, 1999. 311 $a0-8014-4494-2 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 201-209) and index. 327 $aIntroduction : a farmer's revolution -- "Among quarrelsome Yankees, insidious Indians, and lonely wilds" : natives, colonists, and the Wyoming controversy -- "A great many wrangling disputes" : authority, allegiance, property, and the frontier war for independence -- "A dangerous combination of villains" : the social context of agrarian resistance -- "All the difficulties of forming a new settlement" : frontier migration, land speculation, and settler insurgency -- "A perfect union with the people" : cultures of resistance along the revolutionary frontier -- "Poor and ignorant but industrious settlers" : frontier development and the path to accommodation -- "Artful deceivers" : Yankee notables and the resolution of the Wyoming controversy -- Epilogue : closing the revolutionary frontier. 330 $aNortheast Pennsylvania's Wyoming Valley was truly a dark and bloody ground, the site of murders, massacres, and pitched battles. The valley's turbulent history was the product of a bitter contest over property and power known as the Wyoming controversy. This dispute, which raged between the mid-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, intersected with conflicts between whites and native peoples over land, a jurisdictional contest between Pennsylvania and Connecticut, violent contention over property among settlers and land speculators, and the social tumult of the American Revolution. In its later stages, the controversy pitted Pennsylvania and its settlers and speculators against "Wild Yankees"-frontier insurgents from New England who contested the state's authority and soil rights.In Wild Yankees, Paul B. Moyer argues that a struggle for personal independence waged by thousands of ordinary settlers lay at the root of conflict in northeast Pennsylvania and across the revolutionary-era frontier. The concept and pursuit of independence was not limited to actual war or high politics; it also resonated with ordinary people, such as the Wild Yankees, who pursued their own struggles for autonomy. This battle for independence drew settlers into contention with native peoples, wealthy speculators, governments, and each other over land, the shape of America's postindependence social order, and the meaning of the Revolution. With vivid descriptions of the various levels of this conflict, Moyer shows that the Wyoming controversy illuminates settlement, the daily lives of settlers, and agrarian unrest along the early American frontier. 606 $aSusquehanna Claim, 1753-1808 606 $aFrontier and pioneer life$zPennsylvania$zWyoming Valley 606 $aIndians of North America$zPennsylvania$zWyoming Valley$xHistory 607 $aWyoming Valley (Pa.)$xHistory 615 0$aSusquehanna Claim, 1753-1808. 615 0$aFrontier and pioneer life 615 0$aIndians of North America$xHistory. 676 $a974.8/01 700 $aMoyer$b Paul Benjamin$f1970-$01491101 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910781361103321 996 $aWild Yankees$93835498 997 $aUNINA LEADER 11878nam 2200649Ia 450 001 9910824679103321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a9781299475472 010 $a1299475477 010 $a9781118135310 010 $a1118135318 010 $a9781118135334 010 $a1118135334 010 $a9781118135341 010 $a1118135342 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC818453 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL818453 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10687752 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL478797 035 $a(OCoLC)824468876 035 $a(CKB)3190000000022610 035 $a(Perlego)1014561 035 $a(EXLCZ)993190000000022610 100 $a20111110d2012 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt$2rdacontent 182 $cc$2rdamedia 183 $acr$2rdacarrier 200 10$aPhysical and chemical equilibrium for chemical engineers /$fNoel de Nevers 205 $a2nd ed. 210 $aHoboken, N.J. $cWiley$dc2012 215 $a1 recurso en línea (382 p.)$cil 311 08$a9780470927106 311 08$a0470927100 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references and index. 327 $aPHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Nomenclature -- About the Author -- 1 Introduction to Equilibrium -- 1.1 Why Study Equilibrium? -- 1.2 Stability and Equilibrium -- 1.3 Time Scales and the Approach to Equilibrium -- 1.4 Looking Ahead, Gibbs Energy -- 1.5 Units, Conversion Factors, and Notation -- 1.6 Reality and Equations -- 1.7 Phases and Phase Diagrams -- 1.8 The Plan of this Book -- 1.9 Summary -- References -- 2 Basic Thermodynamics -- 2.1 Conservation and Accounting -- 2.2 Conservation of Mass -- 2.3 Conservation of Energy -- the First Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.4.1 Reversibility -- 2.4.2 Entropy -- 2.5 Convenience Properties -- 2.6 Using the First and Second Laws -- 2.7 Datums and Reference States -- 2.8 Measurable and Immeasurable Properties -- 2.9 Work and Heat -- 2.10 The Property Equation -- 2.11 Equations of State (EOS) -- 2.11.1 EOSs Based on Theory -- 2.11.2 EOSs Based on Pure Data Fitting -- 2.12 Corresponding States -- 2.13 Departure Functions -- 2.14 The Properties of Mixtures -- 2.15 The Combined First and Second Law Statement -- Reversible Work -- 2.16 Summary -- References -- 3 The Simplest Phase Equilibrium Examples and Some Simple Estimating Rules -- 3.1 Some General Statements About Equilibrium -- 3.2 The Simplest Example of Phase Equilibrium -- 3.2.1 A Digression, the Distinction between Vapor and Gas -- 3.2.2 Back to the Simplest Equilibrium -- 3.3 The Next Level of Complexity in Phase Equilibrium -- 3.4 Some Simple Estimating Rules: Raoult's and Henry's "Laws" -- 3.5 The General Two-Phase Equilibrium Calculation -- 3.6 Some Simple Applications of Raoult's and Henry's Laws -- 3.7 The Uses and Limits of Raoult's and Henry's Laws -- 3.8 Summary -- References -- 4 Minimization of Gibbs Energy. 327 $a4.1 The Fundamental Thermodynamic Criterion of Phase and Chemical Equilibrium -- 4.2 The Criterion of Equilibrium Applied to Two Nonreacting Equilibrium Phases -- 4.3 The Criterion of Equilibrium Applied to Chemical Reactions -- 4.4 Simple Gibbs Energy Diagrams -- 4.4.1 Comparison with Enthalpy and Entropy -- 4.4.2 Gibbs Energy Diagrams for Pressure-Driven Phase Changes -- 4.4.3 Gibbs Energy Diagrams for Chemical Reactions -- 4.5 Le Chatelier's Principle -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- 5 Vapor Pressure, the Clapeyron Equation, and Single Pure Chemical Species Phase Equilibrium -- 5.1 Measurement of Vapor Pressure -- 5.2 Reporting Vapor-Pressure Data -- 5.2.1 Normal Boiling Point (NBP) -- 5.3 The Clapeyron Equation -- 5.4 The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 5.5 The Accentric Factor -- 5.6 The Antoine Equation and Other Data-Fitting Equations -- 5.6.1 Choosing a Vapor-Pressure Equation -- 5.7 Applying the Clapeyron Equation to Other Kinds of Equilibrium -- 5.8 Extrapolating Vapor-Pressure Curves -- 5.9 Vapor Pressure of Solids -- 5.10 Vapor Pressures of Mixtures -- 5.11 Summary -- References -- 6 Partial Molar Properties -- 6.1 Partial Molar Properties -- 6.2 The Partial Molar Equation -- 6.3 Tangent Slopes -- 6.4 Tangent Intercepts -- 6.5 The Two Equations for Partial Molar Properties -- 6.6 Using the Idea of Tangent Intercepts -- 6.7 Partial Mass Properties -- 6.8 Heats of Mixing and Partial Molar Enthalpies -- 6.8.1 Differential Heat of Mixing -- 6.8.2 Integral Heat of Mixing -- 6.9 The Gibbs-Duhem Equation and the Counterintuitive Behavior of the Chemical Potential -- 6.10 Summary -- References -- 7 Fugacity, Ideal Solutions, Activity, Activity Coefficient -- 7.1 Why Fugacity? -- 7.2 Fugacity Defined -- 7.3 The Use of the Fugacity -- 7.4 Pure Substance Fugacities -- 7.4.1 The Fugacity of Pure Gases -- 7.4.2 The Fugacity of Pure Liquids and Solids. 327 $a7.5 Fugacities of Species in Mixtures -- 7.6 Mixtures of Ideal Gases -- 7.7 Why Ideal Solutions? -- 7.8 Ideal Solutions Defined -- 7.8.1 The Consequences of the Ideal Solution Definition -- 7.9 Why Activity and Activity Coefficients? -- 7.10 Activity and Activity Coefficients Defined -- 7.11 Fugacity Coefficient for Pure Gases and Gas Mixtures -- 7.12 Estimating Fugacities of Individual Species in Gas Mixtures -- 7.12.1 Fugacities from Gas PvT Data -- 7.12.2 Fugacities from an EOS for Gas Mixtures -- 7.12.3 The Lewis and Randall (L-R) Fugacity Rule -- 7.12.4 Other Mixing Rules -- 7.13 Liquid Fugacities from Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium -- 7.14 Summary -- References -- 8 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) at Low Pressures -- 8.1 Measurement of VLE -- 8.2 Presenting Experimental VLE Data -- 8.3 The Mathematical Treatment of Low-Pressure VLE Data -- 8.3.1 Raoult's Law Again -- 8.4 The Four Most Common Types of Low-Pressure VLE -- 8.4.1 Ideal Solution Behavior (Type I) -- 8.4.2 Positive Deviations from Ideal Solution Behavior (Type II) -- 8.4.3 Negative Deviations from Ideal Solution Behavior (Type III) -- 8.4.4 Azeotropes -- 8.4.5 Two-Liquid Phase or Heteroazeotropes (Type IV) -- 8.4.6 Zero Solubility and Steam Distillation -- 8.4.7 Distillation of the Four Types of Behavior -- 8.5 Gas-Liquid Equilibrium, Henry's Law Again -- 8.6 The Effect of Modest Pressures on VLE -- 8.6.1 Liquids -- 8.6.2 Gases, the L-R Rule -- 8.7 Standard States Again -- 8.8 Low-Pressure VLE Calculations -- 8.8.1 Bubble-Point Calculations -- 8.8.1.1 Temperature-Specified Bubble Point -- 8.8.1.2 Pressure-Specified Bubble Point -- 8.8.2 Dew-Point Calculations -- 8.8.2.1 Temperature-Specified Dew Point -- 8.8.2.2 Pressure-Specified Dew Point -- 8.8.3 Isothermal Flashes (T- and P-Specified Flashes) -- 8.8.4 Adiabatic Flashes -- 8.9 Traditional K-Factor Methods. 327 $a8.10 More Uses for Raoult's Law -- 8.10.1 Nonvolatile Solutes, Boiling-Point Elevation -- 8.10.2 Freezing-Point Depression -- 8.10.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions -- 8.11 Summary -- References -- 9 Correlating and Predicting Nonideal VLE -- 9.1 The Most Common Observations of Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients -- 9.1.1 Why Nonideal Behavior? -- 9.1.2 The Shapes of ln, ? - x Curves -- 9.2 Limits on Activity Coefficient Correlations, the Gibbs-Duhem Equation -- 9.3 Excess Gibbs Energy and Activity Coefficient Equations -- 9.4 Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution -- 9.5 Effects of Pressure and Temperature on Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients -- 9.5.1 Effect of Pressure Changes on Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients -- 9.5.2 Effect of Temperature Changes on Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients -- 9.6 Ternary and Multispecies VLE -- 9.6.1 Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients for Ternary Mixtures -- 9.7 Vapor-Phase Nonideality -- 9.8 VLE from EOS -- 9.9 Solubility Parameter -- 9.10 The Solubility of Gases in Liquids, Henry's Law Again -- 9.11 Summary -- References -- 10 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) at High Pressures -- 10.1 Critical Phenomena of Pure Species -- 10.2 Critical Phenomena of Mixtures -- 10.3 Estimating High-Pressure VLE -- 10.3.1 Empirical K-Value Correlations -- 10.3.2 Estimation Methods for Each Phase Separately, Not Based on Raoult's Law -- 10.3.3 Estimation Methods Based on Cubic EOSs -- 10.4 Computer Solutions -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- 11 Liquid-Liquid, Liquid-Solid, and Gas-Solid Equilibrium -- 11.1 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) -- 11.2 The Experimental Determination of LLE -- 11.2.1 Reporting and Presenting LLE Data -- 11.2.2 Practically Insoluble Liquid Pairs at 25ºC -- 11.2.3 Partially Soluble Liquid Pairs at 25ºC -- 11.2.4 Miscible Liquid Pairs at 25ºC -- 11.2.5 Ternary LLE at 25ºC. 327 $a11.2.6 LLE at Temperatures Other Than 25ºC -- 11.3 The Elementary Theory of LLE -- 11.4 The Effect of Pressure on LLE -- 11.5 Effect of Temperature on LLE -- 11.6 Distribution Coefficients -- 11.7 Liquid-Solid Equilibrium (LSE) -- 11.7.1 One-Species LSE -- 11.7.2 The Experimental Determination of LSE -- 11.7.3 Presenting LSE Data -- 11.7.4 Eutectics -- 11.7.5 Gas Hydrates (Clathrates) -- 11.8 The Elementary Thermodynamics of LSE -- 11.9 Gas-Solid Equilibrium (GSE) at Low Pressures -- 11.10 GSE at High Pressures -- 11.11 Gas-Solid Adsorption, Vapor-Solid Adsorption -- 11.11.1 Langmuir's Adsorption Theory -- 11.11.2 Vapor-solid Adsorption, BET Theory -- 11.11.3 Adsorption from Mixtures -- 11.11.4 Heat of Adsorption -- 11.11.5 Hysteresis -- 11.12 Summary -- References -- 12 Chemical Equilibrium -- 12.1 Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium -- 12.2 Formal Description of Chemical Reactions -- 12.3 Minimizing Gibbs Energy -- 12.4 Reaction Rates, Energy Barriers, Catalysis, and Equilibrium -- 12.5 The Basic Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions and Its Convenient Formulations -- 12.5.1 The Law of Mass Action and Equilibrium Constants -- 12.6 Calculating Equilibrium Constants from Gibbs Energy Tables and then Using Equilibrium Constants to Calculate Equilibrium Concentrations -- 12.6.1 Change of Reactant Concentration, Reaction Coordinate -- 12.6.2 Reversible and Irreversible Reactions -- 12.7 More on Standard States -- 12.8 The Effect of Temperature on Chemical Reaction Equilibrium -- 12.9 The Effect of Pressure on Chemical Reaction Equilibrium -- 12.9.1 Ideal Solution of Ideal Gases -- 12.9.2 Nonideal Solution, Nonideal Gases -- 12.9.3 Liquids and Solids -- 12.10 The Effect of Nonideal Solution Behavior -- 12.10.1 Liquid-Phase Nonideality -- 12.11 Other Forms of K -- 12.12 Summary -- References. 327 $a13 Equilibrium in Complex Chemical Reactions. 330 8 $aThis book concentrates on the topic of physical and chemical equilibrium. Using the simplest mathematics along with numerous numerical examples it accurately and rigorously covers physical and chemical equilibrium in depth and detail. It continues to cover the topics found in the first edition however numerous updates have been made including: Changes in naming and notation (the first edition used the traditional names for the Gibbs Free Energy and for Partial Molal Properties, this edition uses the more popular Gibbs Energy and Partial Molar Properties, ) changes in symbols (the first edition used the Lewis-Randal fugacity rule and the popular symbol for the same quantity, this edition only uses the popular notation, ) and new problems have been added to the text. Finally the second edition includes an appendix about the Bridgman table and its use. 606 $aThermodynamics 606 $aChemical engineering 615 0$aThermodynamics. 615 0$aChemical engineering. 676 $a660/.2969 686 $aTEC009010$2bisacsh 700 $aDe Nevers$b Noel$f1932-$056022 801 0$bMiAaPQ 801 1$bMiAaPQ 801 2$bMiAaPQ 906 $aBOOK 912 $a9910824679103321 996 $aPhysical and chemical equilibrium for chemical engineers$92046105 997 $aUNINA