LEADER 05282nam 2200661 a 450 001 9910465829603321 005 20200520144314.0 010 $a9786611769680 010 $a0-19-971556-4 010 $a1-281-76968-1 035 $a(CKB)2560000000296726 035 $a(EBL)415808 035 $a(OCoLC)476245107 035 $a(SSID)ssj0000089766 035 $a(PQKBManifestationID)11126590 035 $a(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000089766 035 $a(PQKBWorkID)10111353 035 $a(PQKB)11089608 035 $a(StDuBDS)EDZ0000073232 035 $a(MiAaPQ)EBC415808 035 $a(Au-PeEL)EBL415808 035 $a(CaPaEBR)ebr10254395 035 $a(CaONFJC)MIL176968 035 $a(EXLCZ)992560000000296726 100 $a20070801d2008 uy 0 101 0 $aeng 135 $aur|n|---||||| 181 $ctxt 182 $cc 183 $acr 200 10$aSynergy$b[electronic resource] /$fMark L. Latash 210 $aOxford ;$aNew York $cOxford University Press$d2008 215 $a1 online resource (429 p.) 300 $aDescription based upon print version of record. 311 $a0-19-533316-0 311 $a0-19-986419-5 320 $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 363-403) and index. 327 $aContents; Part 1: Building a Definition for Synergy; 1.1 Synergies and Non-Synergies: A Few Examples; 1.2 Palama's Concept of Synergy; 1.3 Inanimate "Synergies": The Table and the Rusty Bucket; 1.4 Examples of Biological Synergies; 1.5 The Definition: Three Components of a Synergy; Part 2: A Brief History of Movement Studies; 2.1 Ancient Greece and Rome; 2.2 Renaissance; 2.3 The Century of Frogs, Photography, and Amazing Guesses; 2.4 The Twentieth Century: Wars of Ideas; 2.5 Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein and Movement Science in the Soviet Union 327 $a2.6 History of Synergies and the Problem of Motor Redundancy2.7 Problems with Studying Biological Movement; Part 3: Motor Control and Coordination; 3.1 Israel Gelfand and Michael Tsetlin; 3.2 Structural Units and the Principle of Minimal Interaction; 3.3 Motor Control: Programs and Internal Models; Digression #1. The Muscle: Slow and Visco-Elastic; Digression #2. Neural Pathways: Long and Slow; Digression #3. Sensors: Confusing and Unreliable; Digression #4. Adaptation to Force Fields and After-Effects; Digression #5. Brain Imaging Techniques: What Do They Image? 327 $a3.4 The Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis3.4.1 Experimental Foundations of the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis; Digression #6. Reflexes and Nonreflexes; 3.4.2 Equilibrium-Point Control of Simple Systems; 3.4.3 Three Basic Trajectories within the Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis; 3.4.4 Equilibrium-Point Control of Multi-Muscle Systems; 3.4.5 The Mass-Spring Analogy and Other Misconceptions; Part 4: Motor Variability: A Window into Synergies; 4.1 The Uncontrolled Manifold Hypothesis; 4.2 Modes as Elemental Variables; 4.2.1 Force Modes; Digression #7: Digit Interaction and Its Indices; 4.2.2 Muscle Modes 327 $aDigression #8: Electromyography4.2.3 Experimental Identification of the Jacobian; 4.3 Stability, Variability, and Within-a-Trial Analysis of Synergies; 4.4 Other Computational Tools to Study Synergies; 4.4.1 Principal Component Analysis and Uncontrolled Manifold; 4.4.2 Analysis of Surrogate Data Sets; 4.5 Timing Synergies: Do They Exist?; Part 5: Zoo of Motor Synergies; 5.1 Kinematic Synergies; 5.1.1 Postural Synergies in Standing; 5.1.2 Sit-to-Stand Task; 5.1.3 Reaching; Digression # 9: Optimization; 5.1.4 Reaching in a Changing Force Field; 5.1.5 Multi-Joint Pointing 327 $a5.1.6 Quick-Draw Pistol Shooting5.2 Kinetic Synergies; 5.3 Multi-Digit Synergies; 5.3.1 Force and Moment Stabilization during Multi-Finger Pressing; 5.3.2 The Role of Timing Errors; 5.3.3 Emergence and Disappearance of Synergies; 5.3.4 Anticipatory Synergy Adjustments and Purposeful Destabilization of Performance; 5.4 Prehensile Synergies; 5.4.1 Hierarchical Control of Prehension; 5.4.2 Principle of Superposition; 5.4.3 Adjustments of Synergies: Chain Effects; 5.4.4 Hierarchies of Synergies; 5.5 Multi-Muscle Synergies; 5.5.1 Anticipatory Postural Adjustments; 5.5.2 Making a Step 327 $a5.5.3 Multi-Muscle Synergies in Hand Force Production 330 $aSynergy dicusses a general problem in biology: The lack of an adequate language for formulating biologically specific problems. Written for an inquisitive reader who is not necessarily a professional in the area of movement studies, this book describes the recent progress in the control and coordination of human movement. The book begins with a brief history of movement studies and reviews the current central controversies in the area of control of movements with an emphasis on the equilibrium-point hypothesis. 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